Lecture 2 The main notions of Grammar
1. Language and speech.
Ferdinand de Saussure Language collective body of knowledge, a set of basic elements, a great variety of combinations of these elements, these combinations are endless, common for all individuals. Speech the result of using the language, the result of a definite act of speaking, individual, personal Phoneme Sound sentence utterance text discourse the realization of language in actual use. 2. Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic relations Paradigmatic are relations based on the principles of similarity. They exist between the units that can substitute one another. A BOTTLE OF MILK jar, cup, glass Cola, wine, water PR can be of three types: semantic, formal and functional. Semantic PR are based on the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading. He used to practice English every day – He would practice English every day. Formal PR are based on the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man – men; play – played – will play – is playing. Functional PR are based on the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position. For instance, noun determiners: a, the, this, his, Ann’s, some, each, etc. PR are associated with the sphere of ‘language’.