Humanity grammar: nouns. Lesson 2

PROS AND CONS OF HUMAN INFLUENCE ON NATURE

Pros of human influence on nature:
creation of parks and reserves to preserve rare
species of animals and plants;
creation of treatment facilities;
maintenance of dry areas, artificial irrigation.
Humanity is trying to create a
replacement for
natural sources of resources, improving
the methods of mining

Cons of human influence on nature:
the destruction of many species of animals, deforestation;
air pollution;
the release of chemical fertilizers and
waste into water and land.
Poaching, hunting, catching immature fish species.
As a result, certain species of fauna do not have time
to replenish, and the extinction or complete disappearance
of animals is observed.

NOUNS
Proper nouns concrete nouns animate nouns
собственные конкретные одушевленные
Moscow, Sunday, chair, butter, cat rat, girl
Jane
Common nouns abstract nouns inanimate nouns
нарицательные абстрактные неодушевленные
dog, rain, kindness meeting, winter door, chair

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
1. Префиксальное (с помощью приставок)
dis discontent (недовольство)
mis misfortune (несчастье)
2. Суффиксальное (с помощью суффиксов)
a) от основ сущ.
ship relationship (отношения)
(i) an Russian (москвич(ка))
b) от основ прилагательных
ness happiness (счастье)
dom boredom (скука)

NOUNS
c) От основ глаголов
ment department (отдел)
tion condition (состояние)
3. Cловосложение
a) сущ. + сущ. rainbow (радуга)
b) прил. +сущ. blackboard (классная доска )
c) нар. + сущ. afternoon (время после полудня)
d) гл. + сущ. knitwear (трикотаж)
e) сущ. + гл. handshake (рукопожатие)
4. Конверсия
a) переход гл. в сущ.
to laugh (смеяться) laugh (смех)
b) прил. в сущ.
Young (молодой) the young (молодежь)

THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER
Singular plural
(ед.ч.) +(e)s (мн.ч.)
book + s = books
class + es = classes
1. Use es after - s, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch, -o
a potato potatoes
But mind! a piano pianos 4. Change f v + es
a photo photos a leaf - leaves
2. Согласная + y i + es But mind!
fly flies мухи a roof roofs
3. Гласная +y гласная + y + -s a handkerchief handkerchiefs
a monkey monkeys a chief chiefs
a safe safes

NOUNS. EXCEPTIONS.
A man - men a woman - women
A tooth - teeth a foot - feet
A goose - geese a mouse - mice
A child - children an ox - oxen
A deer - deer a sheep - sheep

NOUNS
uncountable
(неисчисляемые)
вещества и абстрактные научные собирательные в ед.ч.
материалы термины во мн.ч.
sugar death mathematics equipment data news
Flour truth economics machinery goods information
Water health linguistics mail cattle advice
Milk fight physics fruit police knowledge
Paper music politics traffic youth progress
Bear light luggage (They are)work
(всегда в hope rubbish мн.ч. weather
ед.ч.) love accommodation furniture
It is (в ед. ч. It is) statistics – искл. (мн. ч.) money
countable
(исчисляемые)

CASE (ПАДЕЖ)
the common the possessive
case case
(общий падеж) (притяжательный падеж)
Обычно с одушевленными сущ.
the child’s toy игрушка ребенка The possessive case
Singular ‘s plural ‘
Teacher’s book книга учителя dogs’ tails хвосты собак
the children’s books книги детей
the student’s books=the books of the students
книги студентов
Have you been to the doctor’s? = to the doctor’s place
I ‘m going from the baker’s. = from the baker’s shop

GENDER (РОД)
-ess -ine
Actor actress he brother
Waiter waitress she sister
Hero heroine boy
He – wolf волк girl
She – wolf волчица man woman
salesman saleswoman it cat, child, baby
boy – friend girl - friend
The milk is in the cup. It is in the cup.
Молоко в чашке. Оно в чашке.