Seminar B5 The cell: Organelles

Содержание

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What is a Cell?

A cell is the basic unit of life
All organisms

What is a Cell? A cell is the basic unit of life
are made of cells
In the hierarchy of biological organization, the cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
Many forms of life exist as single-celled organisms
More complex organisms, including plants and animals, are multicellular
Multicellular organisms are cooperatives of many kinds of specialized cells that could not survive for long on their own. However, the cell remains the organism’s basic unit of structure and function

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What do we call the study of cells?

Cytology
But… How can we study

What do we call the study of cells? Cytology But… How can

cells?
The most obvious way is by
observing them
How can we observe cells?

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Microscopy!!! What types of microscopy do you know?

Microscopy!!! What types of microscopy do you know?

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Microscopy Terms

Magnification is the increase in an object’s image size compared with

Microscopy Terms Magnification is the increase in an object’s image size compared
its actual size.
Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image. It is the ability of an instrument to show two nearby objects as separate.

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The Discovery

The progress in cell discovery is associated with the evolution of

The Discovery The progress in cell discovery is associated with the evolution
microscopy.
Larger cells were spotted first while smaller organisms had to wait for the technology to be developed.

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Major events in cell biology & imaging

Major events in cell biology & imaging

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Frog egg

Paramecium

Human egg

Most plant and animal cells

Nucleus

Most bacteria

Mitochondrion

Smallest bacteria

Viruses

Ribosome

Proteins

Lipids

Small molecules

Atoms

Light microscope

Electron microscope

1 mm

100 nm

10

Frog egg Paramecium Human egg Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most
nm

1 nm

0.1 nm

100 μm

10 μm

1 μm

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Microscopes reveal the world of the cell

In a light microscope (LM), visible

Microscopes reveal the world of the cell In a light microscope (LM),
light passes through a specimen, then through glass lenses, and finally is projected into the viewer’s eye.

The first microscopes were light microscopes.

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What can we see with an LM?

Plant cell (non-leaf)

Red blood cells

What can we see with an LM? Plant cell (non-leaf) Red blood cells Plant cell (leaf)

Plant cell (leaf)

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Electron microscopes

Beginning in the 1930s, scientists started using a very powerful microscope

Electron microscopes Beginning in the 1930s, scientists started using a very powerful
called the electron microscope (EM) to view the ultrastructure of cells.
Instead of light, EM uses a beam of electrons.
Electron microscopes can
resolve biological structures as small as 0.2 nm
magnify up to 1,000,000 times.

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What do they look like?

Scanning Electron Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

What do they look like? Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope

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Electron Microscopy

Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to view very small

Electron Microscopy Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons to view very
objects. The beam acts in different ways:
It will either scan the surface or pass through the samples.

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Scanning Electron Microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope

SEMs vs TEMs

Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope SEMs vs TEMs

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SEMs vs TEMs

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) show the detailed architecture of cell

SEMs vs TEMs Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) show the detailed architecture of
surfaces.

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) show the details of internal cell structure.

Scanning electron micrograph of Paramecium

Transmission electron micrograph of Toxoplasma

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Your Task

You are going to be given a set of cards

Your Task You are going to be given a set of cards
with pictures of 8 organelles.
There are 6-8 pictures for each organelle.
For each organelle:
Collect the micrographs showing that organelle
Identify the drawing that shows the organelle
Choose the correct description
Hint: you can spy on other groups to confirm your ideas.

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Let’s check your conclusions!!

Let’s check your conclusions!!

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Golgi Body

Golgi Body

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Mitochondria

Mitochondria

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Chloroplast

Chloroplast

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Lysosomes

Lysosomes

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Centrioles/Flagella

Centrioles/Flagella

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Would you be able to tell which photomicrographs are from…

Light microscope?

Would you be able to tell which photomicrographs are from… Light microscope?

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Which photomicrographs are SEM?

Which photomicrographs are SEM?
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