Early new English

the printing press,
the rapid spread of popular education,
the increased communication and means of communication,
the growth of specialized knowledge,
the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language.
Early New English (1500 – 1700)

recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme;
the establishment of a more uniform orthography;
the enrichment of the vocabulary.
Problems modern languages had

insertion of letters by analogy:
debt from Lat. Debitum,
gh in delight, tight as in light, night;
new systems to deal with this “spelling chaos”.
Orthography

John Cheke:
doubling long vowels – taak, maad for take, made,
discarding final -e – giv, belev, always;
using i for y – mighti, dai etc.
William Bullokar:
invents few special characters; uses accents, apostrophes, and numerous hooks above and below the letters.
New Spelling systems suggested

the fixation of English spelling: Dr. Johnson, 1755;
though our spelling in its modern form had been practically established by about 1650.
Orthography

considerable changes;
short vowels vs. long vowels;
loss of the schwa sound, though in spelling the letter might be preserved (kept (ME kepte), crossed);
loss of syllables: chapter (ME chapiter), ME, ENE colonel;
!!! The alphabetic reading of the letter r [er] began to be pronounced as [ar].
Phonetic Changes

change of quality;
all long vowels in native as well as borrowed words were affected.
Long Vowels: Great Vowel Shift

[i:] > [ai] time, like, rise, side;
[e:] >[i:] meet, see, keen, deep; in borrowed words chief receive, seize;
[a:] > [ei] take, make, name, grave, pave, sane;
[u:] > [aʊ] house, mouse, out, noun, down, how.
Great Vowel Shift

the influence of r (succeeding):
are > [eir] fare;
ear > [ier] fear;
eer > [ier] steer,
ire > [aier] tire;
or > [o:r] boar etc.
Great Vowel Shift

ME [a] in closed syllables > EME [æ] (that; man; hat);
ME [a] could be lengthened before some consonant clusters and turned into [a:]:
a + th (father, rather, bath);
a + ss (pass, class),
a + st (cast, last),
a + sk (ask, mask);
a + sp (clasp, gasp)
Short vowels

e+r combination – [a:] (either reflected in spelling (ME sterre – NE star or not (Derby, Berkley, Berkshire, Hertford);
a+l > [Ɔ:] (all, call);
in ir, ur, er [r] was vocalized, lengthening the previous vowels > [ɜ:]: sir; burst; herd;
[u:] was shortened and turned into [ʊ] before k, d, t: book, good, foot.
Other sound changes

loss of consonants in certain positions:
(talk, walk, palm, calm, should);
b (lamb, climb),
n (autumn),
t (castle),
k (muscle);
initial k (knee, know),
w before r (write).
Consonants

voicing of fricatives: possess, exhibit, of; that.
sibilants: [sj, tj] > [ʃ] Asia, Russia, motion;
[zj] > [ʒ] division, treasure;
[tj] > [tʃ] question, fortune;
[dj] > [dʒ] soldier, procedure.
Consonants

great variation;
is marked more by the survival of certain forms and usages that have since disappeared;
few fundamental developments.
Morphology

no gender;
the opposition of nominative and genitive;
the uniform plural –s (along with geese, datum – data etc.).
Nouns

apostrophe at the end of the 17th c., regular at the end of the 18th c.);
use of of-construction (in Shakespeare - the pangs of despised love, the law's delay (Hamlet);
group possessive: the Duke of Gloucester’s niece.
The Possessive (Genetive)

three groups of changes in personal pronouns:
the disuse of thou, thy, thee;
the substitution of ye foryou as a nominative case;
and the introduction of its as the possessive of it;
the use of the relative who (instead of universal that and which);
possessive: no agreement, variant forms my/mine, thy/thine (vowel vs. consonants distinction, absolute uses).
Pronouns

no agreement with the noun;
loss of mutation in many cases;
differentiation of meaning for elder/older, further/farther;
analytical formations and synthetic means are still interchangeable: most sharp and violentest (from Shakespeare);
use of double comparatives and superlatives (more wider).
Adjective

specialization in meaning of the categories formed in ME;
simplification of the verbal paradigm;
-eth 3rd person sing. is replaced by –s (has – hath, thinketh – thinks);
strong and weak verbs classification turns into regular vs. irregular distinction;
modal verbs (former preterite-present) – defective, no longer autonomous;
non-finite forms develop a set of verbal categories;
finite verbs categories: tense, voice, time correlation (perfect), mood, aspect (number and person are less distinct).
Verb

healthy desire for improvement;
borrowing vs. derivation problem;
borrowings of two kinds: Lat. -us – English -ous conspicus vs. conspicuous (changed) or climax (no changes);
native innovations – gloomy, merriment (from Spenser).
Need for dictionaries: Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721, by Nathaniel Bailey), Dictionary of the English Language (1755, Samuel Johnson).
Vocabulary in EME