Flora Ukraine

Flora Ukraine
The territory of Ukraine is a Tsyrkumburalnoyi and part (southern coast of Crimea) to the Mediterranean regions Korealnoho Subkingdom Holarktychnoho floral kingdom and mazh characteristic vegetation of these regions.
Most abundant in species composition is family Asteraceae, cereals, legumes, Pink, Labiatae, cabbage, cloves. The country grows about 80 species of trees, 280 shrubs, 985 annual herbaceous plants, 600 species of higher plants are endothermic; almost as rare and endangered plants. More than 150 plant species listed in the first edition of the Red Book of Ukraine, which was established in 1976 (the second edition has got more than 400 species of vascular plants.

A lot of endemic, rare or declining species are located in the Crimean and Carpathian mountains - almost half of the endemic and 30% of the rare and endangered species. Natural vegetation was preserved only 20% of the republic; cultivated over a thousand species of plants. During the production of plant life has changed considerably: in XVI - XIX centuries in the forest-steppe zone of forest area declined by more than five times, and the area's most valuable oak and beech forests only in the XIX century. decreased by a quarter.

More than 30% of Ukraine accounted for arrays where there is a natural or secondary semi-natural vegetation, among which a wide species composition dosage (100 species), vitamin (200) zhyromaslychnyh (300), honey (over 1000), tanning and dyeing (by 100). Harmful flora in Ukraine there are about 600 species of weeds.
As a result of haphazard felling and use of forest land for employment needs of agriculture rapidly decreasing area of ​​forest in Western Ukraine. During the XIX century. forested area is reduced to 250-300 thousand. ha. Moreover, changing species composition of forests - in the Carpathians by reducing the area of ​​beech and fir expanded area of ​​fires; on the tail instead of oak grown area hornbeam, birch, aspen.

The forests are rich in berries, mushrooms, fruits of wild plants, medicinal plants. They also play an important role in water protection and water protection, are used for recreation. As forests grow mushrooms (boletus), mushrooms, boletus (Kozar), aspen (chervonoholovtsi), butter, mushrooms and others. Common pear, apple, cherry, currant, buckthorn, wild rose, hazel, blackthorn, hawthorn, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries and more.

Among valuable plants used in medicine, medical Ukraine found nearly 250 species, including 150 - scientific medicine. (Other used only in traditional medicine). Harvested about 100 species, including a large scale - 40-50 species. The main zahotovli on medicinal plants are Polissia areas and steppe and Carpathians.

The steppe zone volume zahotovli medicinal plants is much lower. In connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, radioactive contamination of vast areas of northern and north-western parts of Ukraine significantly reduced territorial opportunities zahotovli plants, which in turn leads to an increase in their preparations in other regions. This makes it necessary to gain widespread attention to the protection and restoration of resources of medicinal plants.

Ukraine is rich in these herbs like valerian, wild rose, violet tricolor, shavliy, datura, dandelion, Oregano, periwinkle, sweet plain, everlasting sand, strawberry forest, Symphytum officinale, elfwort, chamomile, cranberries, black currents, blueberries, raspberry, cranberry, lavender, peppermint, spring adonis, lemon balm, centaury, nettle, celandine, St. John's wort, plantain great, buckthorn, wild chicory, bearberry, knotweed usual, lily and others.

Many species of wild medicinal plants is already listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. This - bear onion, yellow gentian, astragalus sherstystokvitnyy and others. Most of the medicinal plants grow in the wild, some - cultivated man. For therapeutic purposes, use the leaves, stems, fruits, roots. Harvesting is carried out mainly in spring, summer and fall (less in winter).

In the forests of Ukraine recently harvested each year about 25 thousand. Tons of birch sap, 150 tons of marketable honey over 7 ths. Tons of dried mushrooms, 7 ths. Tons dykoroslyn fruits and berries, and over 5 thousand. Tons of medicinal plants. In connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from economic circulation dropped large areas of northern central regions of Ukraine and adjacent territories.

This is firstly reduced by almost a third area for harvesting wild fruits and berries and, secondly, the increased load on the forest area to other regions of the republic, which in turn increases the need to protect their plant resources. In the forests of valuable live animals and birds.

Ukraine Fauna
Wildlife, which has in Ukraine almost 45 thousand. Species, divided into protozoa (over 1200 species), flatworm (1290), trematodes (540), arthropods (39 ths.), Fish (over 270), birds (344) , mammals (108). The first edition of the Red Book of Ukraine includes 85 species and subspecies of animals (29 mammals, 28 birds, 6 reptiles, amphibians, 4, 18 insects), and the second about 400 species of invertebrates and vertebrates. In Ukraine there are over 6640 species of freshwater and brackish aquatic animals.

While economic activity is experiencing significant changes in traditional biocenoses, resulting in changing the species composition of animals; many of them are rare or accidental.
Forming close to the modern fauna began with the mid-Paleocene. Ice Age fauna in the territory of modern Ukraine due to the cold snap has undergone great qualitative changes.

In Ukraine ubiquitous game animals. At the end of 1989 there were 263.6 thousand. Ungulates and 64.0 thousand. Fur animals and many game birds (end of 1985 there were 223.3 thousand. Ungulates, 86.9 thousand. Fur animals). For the years 1985-1989 hoofed livestock increased by nearly 20%; The amount of fur animals dropped by 14%. Changes in the total number of animals for the years 1985-1989 illustrate these figures.

In 1989 it was 14.7 thousand elk. (In 1985 11.8 thousand.), Deer - 24.5 thousand. (21.2 ths.), Wild boar - 58.8 thousand. (52.0 thousand.), roe deer - 163.4 thousand. (135.2 thousand.), other ungulates - 2.2 thousand. (2.0 ths.), protein - 64.0 thousand. (86.9 thousand), Zaitsev - 1801.8 thousand. (1461.7 thousand.), martens - 30.8 thousand. (28.5 ths.), red foxes - 80.7 thousand. (71.3 ths.), muskrats - 69.1 thousand. (59.0 ths.), mink free - 0.2 thousand. (0.02 thousand.) Beavers - 7.7 thousand. (5.8 ths.) wolves - 1.4 thousand. (1 3 thousand.), brown bears - 0.6 thousand. (0.7 ths.).

Last year reduced the number of grouse (for the years 1985-1989 from 5.1 to 4.9 thousand.) And Grouse (from 19.5 to 15.6 thousand.) significantly increased the number of gray partridge (from 19.5 to 723.5 thousand.), geese (from 41.7 to 77.4 thousand.) and wild ducks (from 3000.3 to 4581.8 thousand.).
According to the geographic zone conducted O. Kistyakovskym in Ukraine out Holarktychna Region within the European and Mediterranean regions during. The European region includes the following in the province.

Mixed-forest zoogeographical province which coincides with the Polissya. This province is located in the north-western part of Ukraine. It occupies the northern and central part of Volyn and Rivne regions, almost all of Zhytomyr (except for the extreme southern part), Kyiv region north and northwest of Chernigov.

Inside it is common crested newt, eel, carp, pike, bream, Chekhontey, common frog, frog herb, common snake, lizard, snake, black grouse, capercaillie, grouse, black stork, snipe, wood sandpiper, woodcock, woodpeckers , thrushes, tits, hawk, vole, mole gray, beaver, hare, common shrew, brown Zubko small, wild boars, otters, red deer, wolf, wild cat and others.

Steppe zoogeographical province located southwest of mixed-forest. It stretches from the southwest to the southeast. In central part of Ukraine Dnieper narrowed this province. Characterized by large vnutriterytorialnoyu differentiation. It is typical for steppe fauna which is northeast of transition to the steppe in the north-west - the transition to the forest. Are found northern crested newt, carp, pike, bream, catfish, Chekhontey, forest snake, steppe viper, speckled ground squirrel, partridge, hawk, fox, wood lark, badger, polecat, pine marten, wild boar, bat bicolor, vyhuhol, pidkovonis large, roe deer, deer and others.

Steppe zoogeographical province occupies the southern and south-eastern Ukraine. This province extends in a southeasterly direction. It also includes the northern steppe part of Crimea. Mostly here steppe fauna - frog green toad green water snake, steppe viper, yellow bellies snake, going, steppe eagle, steppe crane, partridge, earth hare, small gopher, rat, small mole rats, toothed whale, dolphins, nutria, gray ermine, hamster, wholesale vole, marmot, European mouflon, deer and others.

Carpathian province occupies the Ukrainian Carpathians and adjacent territories deposits and within Transcarpathia Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. Its fauna that has a large number of endemic species is quite varied. Typical Carpathian forests is the Carpathian and Alpine newts, pryamysta salamander, frog plain, black woodpecker, eagle, eagle, squirrel, wild boar, otter, deer, wolf, lynx, wild cat, fox, brown bear, bison and others.
Mediterranean area in the county is represented in Ukraine Crimean Mountains and river valley-Pozazonalnymy, reservoirs and coastal areas.

District Mountain Crimea includes extreme southern and south-eastern part of the peninsula - Crimean Mountains and Southern coast of Crimea. On the species composition of fauna here have a decisive influence climatic resources that differ from surrounding climate of northern steppe regions. Here Crimean and skalna common lizard, Crimean gecko, leopard snake, sea gulls, gray dove, southern nightingale, black vulture, red deer, mouflon and others.

Pozazonalni valley-river, vodoshovyschni and coastal areas may be attributed to the Mediterranean area under rather arbitrary - there is no predominant Mediterranean climate, and the climate steppe and steppe. These areas included the coastal areas of the Dnieper, Dniester and other reservoirs, Bug-Dnipro, Danube, Dniester marshes.

A characteristic feature of the fauna of the area is its close relationship with water resources. Here a rich and diverse world of animals living in water or in coastal areas, especially fish resources and waterfowl, marsh and aquatic fauna. Frequently Danube herring, mackerel, bream, carp, rybets, Wels Catfish, pike, catfish, mud turtle, mute swan, great white egret, purple heron, nosy cormorant, pelican, small cormorants, pelicans, gray goose, river ducks, otter, beaver and others.