FORMS OF SOCIAL LIFE: ORGANIZATIONS AND BUREAUCRACY. INSTITUTIONS

Formal organizations
large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently.
operate in a deliberate way, not to meet personal needs but to accomplish complex jobs.

Indus­tries and businesses are the most common types of utilitarian organiza­tions. All employees and workers, but especially those at the bottom (clerks and those who do menial labor), are in the organization primarily for the wages they receive. Such workers are not likely to be highly committed to their organizations, although they tend to have a higher level of commitment than the "lower participants" in coercive organizations. They do what the organization expects of them because they are paid for it.
All employees and workers are in the organization primarily for the wages they receive.
They do what the organization expects of them because they are paid for it.
Industries and businesses are the most common types of utilitarian organizations.

(or voluntary organizations) Participants are controlled by the norms and values of the organization.
Normative Organizations

A coercive organization uses force to control those at the bottom of the structure.

A total institution
is an organization that is cut off from the rest of society, forming an all-encompassing social environment to meet all the needs of its members.

All of these types of organizations, especially as they grow in population size, tend to become bureaucracies.
What is a Bureaucracy?

CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
Max Weber (1978; orig. 1921)
Specialization.
Hierarchy of offices.
Rules and regulations.
Technical competence.
Impersonality.
Formal, written communications.

A bureaucracy is an organization with a special set of characteristics:
A division of labor among the members, with everyone having specialized duties and functions;
A well-defined rank order of authority among members;
A system of rules covering the rights and duties of all members in all positions;
Rules and procedures for carrying out all tasks;
Impersonality in the relations among members;
Selection for membership, employment, and promotion based on competence and expertise.

Authority refers to "legitimate" power;
all forms of government operate as a form of authority in which an individual or group of individuals wield power over the majority.
Legitimation of Authority. In order for any government to perform effectively, then, those in power must convince everyone else that they deserve the authority they have.

Charisma
is the extraordinary, sometimes supernatural, qualities of a person.
Charisma is derived more from the beliefs of the followers than from the actual qualities of leaders. As long as a person believes he or she has special qualities, or it is believed by followers, authority will be derived from charisma.
Examples of charismatic political leaders are Hitler, Mao Zedong, Castro, and Gandhi. Charismatic religious leaders include Jesus, Mohammed, Reverend Sun Myung Moon of the Unification Church, and Ayatollah Khomeini.

In a system of rational-legal authority,
leaders are legitimized by the rule of law. They derive their authority from the rules and regulations of the system rather than from their personal qualities or from tradition.
For example, the office of President of the RK is legitimized by the Constitution, which defines the President's rights and responsibilities.

The Realities of bureaucracy
1. The Impersonal Treatment of Clients.

The Realities of bureaucracy
2. Paperwork
and Red Tape.
3. Rules and Regulations.
The following account of an incident in a post office. A clerk telling a customer that he couldn't rent a post-office box unless he had a permanent address.
"But the reason I need a box is because I don't have a permanent address," the man explained. "When you get a permanent address," the clerk politely explained, "you can get the box." "But, then I won't need it ... ".

The Realities of bureaucracy
4. The Bureaucratic
Personality

5.The Informal System.
The Realities of bureaucracy

The tendency toward Oligarchy
An oligarchy is characterized by a small group of people at the top of the organization having almost all the control and power - “Iron law of oligarchy”. (Michels, 1915/1962).

Conflict in Organizations
Conflict between individuals or groups within organizations is pervasive because individuals have incompatible personalities or because they are in competition for some scarce goal or resource.
A major form of conflict within bureaucracies occurs when professionals are employed in bureaucratic organizations.
Professionals generally assume that their actions and performances should be judged and controlled only by other professionals. However, professionals employed in bureaucratic organizations are often subject to the supervision of nonprofessional superiors.

Can Bureaucracy Be Eliminated?
Most contemporary observers think that the clock cannot be turned back. "As much as we may wish otherwise, ... large organizations operating on bureaucratic principles will remain part of the social landscape for some time to come“. (Blau and Meyer, 1987, p. 195).

Institutions
are a set of groups and organizations with norms and values that center around the most basic needs of a society.
The major institutions are the family, education, the economy, health and medicine, and the polity.
All of these institutions are found in one form or another in all societies because they carry out necessary societal tasks.

Society
A society is a population living in a given territory, with a social structure, and sharing a culture.

Societies are most commonly described in terms of their economic systems.
The long history of human existence has had only a few basic types of economic arrangements.
Hunting and Gathering Societies (until about 7000 B.C.)
Horticultural Societal (7000 B.C.)
Agrarian societies (3000 B.C.)
Industrial societies
Postindustrial society

Industrial societies
are those in which the predominant economic activity is the production of manufactured goods.
Agricultural production must, of course, continue in industrial societies, but in the most highly industrialized societies only a small proportion of the population is engaged in agriculture. In the U S today, the figure is less than 5 percent

The postindustrial society
describes a society that was formerly industrial but is now primarily engaged in producing services and information rather than manufactured goods.
In the US today most people in the labor force are providing services (70%) of some kind instead of producing things.

A Sociological Classification of Societies
The relationships between people are different in modern societies than in societies of the past.
Ferdinand Toennies (XIX, German) labeled historical societies gemeinschaft and modern societies gesellschaft.

Gemeinschaft societies
are characterized by very personal face-to-face relationships such as those that exist in families, in rural villages, and perhaps in small towns. These highly personal relations between people are valued for their intrinsic qualities, not for the use they might be to us.