Рresident of Egypt

president of Egypt
Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi
its upbringing Abdel-Fattah was born on November 19, 1954, in the Gamaliya neighborhood in Cairo, to a father named “Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi,” the owner of a bazaar shop, and a mother called “Suad Ibrahim.” His family’s origins go back to Menoufia Governorate.
is a retired military officer and Egyptian politician who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. From 2019 to 2020, he also served as chairperson of the African Union.

Childhood and education
He received his education at Al Bakri Primary School from 1962 to 1968.
He studied at Al-Silahdar Preparatory School from 1968 to 1971.
He studied at the Air High School from 1971 to 1974.
He graduated from the Military Academy (batch 69) on April 1, 1977.
Military Qualification
He graduated from the Military College on April 1, 1977. He received a master's degree in military sciences from the College of Command and Staff in 1987. He received a master's degree in military sciences from the British Command and Staff College in 1992. He obtained a fellowship at the Higher War College from Nasser Higher Military Academy in 2003. He received a fellowship from the US War College in 2006.

Egypt Presidency
Candidacy for the presidency
Crystal Clear app kdict.png Main articles: 2014 Egyptian presidential elections, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's first inauguration
A road map was announced following the ouster of President Mohamed Morsi in July 2013 that was drawn up by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces in the wake of popular protests calling for the removal of President Mohamed Morsi from office, which included the temporary suspension of the constitution; appointing the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court as the interim president of Egypt; and early presidential elections, which were organized in May 2014.

On March 26, 2014, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi announced his resignation from his position as Minister of Defense and to officially run for the presidential elections. In April of the same year, he submitted his candidacy papers officially, which included about 188,000 representations from citizens. After the nomination was closed, the Supreme Elections Committee announced that the competition would be between Only Sisi and Hamdeen Sabahi in the elections that took place during the month of May 2014 with the participation of Egyptians inside and outside Egypt. El-Sisi won 23,78104 votes, or 96.9% of the valid votes.

Candidacy for a second term
On January 19, 2018, towards the end of his first term, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi announced his candidacy for a second term in the presidential elections to be held in late March of the same year, while many Arab and international newspapers expressed their strong criticism of the repressive measures taken against most of the contenders for the presidential seat, which caused As a result, the competition between him and the only candidate, Musa Mustafa Musa, was restricted. On the other hand, the Egyptian government stated that the measures taken against potential candidates were for violating legal candidacy procedures or Egyptian military laws.

On March 29, 2018, press reports stated that the preliminary figures for voter counting indicated that Abdel Fattah al-Sisi had been re-elected for a second presidential term, and that the number of participants in the elections had reached 23 million and 293 thousand voters, while the number of registered voters in Egypt was about 59 million, with a participation rate of About 40% of the voters have the right to vote.
On April 2, 2018, the National Elections Authority, headed by Counselor Lashin Ibrahim, announced the election of Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as President of the Republic for a second term, with 97.08% of the valid votes. The authority announced that the number of registered voters in the database was 59 million 78,138, the number of those who voted abroad was 157,6060, the number of those who voted at home was 24 million and 97,092, and the number of those who cast their votes at home and abroad was 24 million and 254,152 voters. by 41.05%”, and that the number of valid votes was 22,491,921 votes, or 92.73%, and the number of invalid votes was 1,762,231, or 7.27% of the total votes. Candidate Abdel Fattah El-Sisi received 21,835,387 votes, or 97.08%. Of the valid votes, Musa Mustafa received 656,534 votes, or 2.92% of the valid votes.

On June 2, 2018, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was sworn in before the House of Representatives for a second presidential term in a special session, in accordance with Article 144 of the Egyptian Constitution and Article 109 of the House of Representatives’ internal regulations.

President's duties and powers
According to the provisions of the Egyptian Constitution, the President of the Republic is the head of the state and the head of the executive authority. He looks after the interests of the people and preserves the independence of the country and the unity and integrity of its lands.
The president assigns a prime minister to form the government and presents his program to the House of Representatives. The president of the republic has the right to exempt the government from performing its work, provided the approval of the majority of members of the House of Representatives.

The constitution also guarantees the Egyptian president the right to make a cabinet reshuffle after consulting with the prime minister and the approval of the House of Representatives by an absolute majority of those present and at least one third of the members of the House
The president has the right to delegate some of his powers to the prime minister, his deputies, ministers, or governors, and he has the right to invite the government to a meeting to consult on important matters and preside over the meeting he attends.

The President of the Republic, in conjunction with the Council of Ministers, lays down the general policy of the State, and they supervise its implementation, in the manner specified in the Constitution.
The President of the Republic may deliver a statement on the state’s general policy before the House of Representatives at the opening of its annual ordinary session, and he may deliver statements or send other messages to the House.

According to the Egyptian constitution, the president represents the state in its foreign relations, concludes treaties, and ratifies them after the approval of the House of Representatives, and they have the force of law after they are published in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.
The President of the Republic appoints civil servants, military personnel, and political representatives, relieves them of their positions, and accredits political representatives of foreign states and bodies, in accordance with the law.

The President, after seeking the opinion of the Council of Ministers, has the right to declare a state of emergency in the manner regulated by law, and he has the right to pardon or commute the penalty after consulting the Council of Ministers
And if, outside the House of Representatives session, what necessitates expediting the adoption of measures that cannot be delayed, the President of the Republic calls for an emergency session to present the matter to it. Fifteen days from the convening of the new council.

The Egyptian president may call the voters for a referendum on issues related to the country's supreme interests, without contravening the provisions of the constitution, and the president has the right to issue laws or object to them.
The President of the Republic is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and a National Defense Council is established under his leadership, and a National Security Council is established under his leadership as well.

The first presidential term of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, which extended from 2014 to 2018, was marked by a great momentum of achievements in the giant and diversified national projects. During that period, 11,000 projects were completed on the land of Egypt, with funding amounting to 2 trillion pounds, most notably the Canal project. New Suez, the new administrative capital, in addition to 13 other cities, the construction of 100,000 greenhouses, the breeding of one million head of livestock, and 40,000 acres of fish farms.

Achievements
The first presidential term of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, which extended from 2014 to 2018, was marked by a great momentum of achievements in the giant and diversified national projects. During that period, 11,000 projects were completed on the land of Egypt, with funding amounting to 2 trillion pounds, most notably the Canal project. New Suez, the new administrative capital, in addition to 13 other cities, the construction of 100,000 greenhouses, the breeding of one million head of livestock, and 40,000 acres of fish farms.
During that period, the Egyptians bid farewell to the era of power cuts, and work is currently underway to establish an electricity transmission network that costs from 60 to 70 billion pounds

and 62 research and exploration agreements were signed within the petroleum sector development plan, and the added reserves of natural gas discoveries have doubled 8 times more than their counterparts during From 2010 to 2014, it reached 36.8 trillion cubic feet, and projects were implemented to develop natural gas fields with investments amounting to 12.6 billion dollars, bringing its production to 5 million cubic feet per day, an increase of 130 percent over the period from 2010 to 2014. In the field of roads and bridges, the construction of 7,000 kilometers of roads at a cost of more than 85 billion pounds, and the construction of about 200 bridges at a cost of approximately 25 billion pounds, and the agricultural area was increased by adding 200,000 agricultural acres, and by the end of 2019, there will be one million agricultural acres.
Extending the current term of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi to six years, and allowing him to run after that for a new six-year term ending in 2030.

Parliament of Egypt
Introduction to the council
The House of Representatives is the legislative authority in the Arab Republic of Egypt and assumes various competencies stipulated in Chapter Five of the old constitution. The executive authority, and all of that as set out in the constitution.

Role and tasks
Part of the Egypt Politics series Egypt
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the Constitution
Executive Authority
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
The election
Foreign Policy
Egypt Politics
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Within the framework of the 1971 constitution, the Egyptian parliament became known as the “People’s Assembly.” It assumes the authority of legislation and approves the general policy of the state, the general plan for economic and social development, and the state’s general budget. It also exercises control over the work of the executive authority.
The President of the Republic submits his resignation to the People's Assembly, which declares his position vacant. The Assembly is also competent to ratify treaties, approve the extension of the state of emergency, and declare a state of war.

Guarantees of the independence of the legislature
The Constitution is concerned with determining the guarantees necessary to achieve the independence of the House of Representatives, which are represented in the following:
swearing
Accepting the resignation of its members
Investigate the validity of the membership of its members
Adjudication of electoral appeals
He is alone in punishing his members
His independence by setting and approving his annual budget and approving its final account
It is his duty to maintain order within it
Its competence is to set its own bylaws

Executive Authority
It is the authority that performs its duty, including the presidential institution headed by Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, which regulates foreign policies, while the Prime Minister regulates the daily and economic life of the people.

Government
The government is the supreme executive and administrative body of the state, and it consists of the prime minister, his deputies, the ministers, and their deputies. The Prime Minister heads the government, supervises its work, and directs it in the performance of its functions.

The government, in particular, exercises the following functions:
1. Participation with the President of the Republic in setting the general policy of the state, and supervising its implementation.
2. Preserving the security of the homeland and protecting the rights of citizens and the interests of the state.
3. Directing the work of the ministries, agencies, and public bodies affiliated to it, coordinating between them, and following up on them.
4. Preparing draft laws and resolutions.

5. Issuing administrative decisions in accordance with the law, and following up on their implementation.
6. Preparing the draft general plan of the state.
7. Preparing the draft state budget.
8. Contracting and granting loans in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
9. Law enforcement.

Judicial powers
The Egyptian judiciary is divided into two parts: the ordinary judiciary, and the administrative judiciary or the State Council. The Supreme Judicial Council is headed by the President of the Court of Cassation, which is the highest ordinary judicial body in Egypt and is appointed by the President of the Republic. The State Council is also headed by the highest and oldest advisor and appointed by the President The Republic after being nominated by the Council's judges, and the Supreme Court in Egypt is the Court of Cassation and is the highest court in Egypt. It is chaired by the oldest judge and has his deputies. There is also the Supreme Constitutional Court, which decides on the constitutionality of laws, and its president heads the Supreme Committee for the presidential elections. Under a state of emergency, the executive branch establishes military courts.

The judiciary is an independent authority, which is exercised by courts of all kinds and degrees, and they issue their judgments in accordance with the law. The law shows its powers. Each body or judicial body is responsible for its own affairs; Each of them has an independent budget, and its opinion is taken on the draft laws regulating its affairs. This is in accordance with what is regulated by law.

Judges are independent, are not subject to dismissal, have no authority over them in their work except the law, and they are equal in rights and duties. The law determines the conditions and procedures for their appointment, and regulates their disciplinary accountability; They may only be delegated in full, for the authorities and for the tasks specified by law. And all of this in order to preserve the independence of the judiciary and the completion of its work.

Jurisdictions of the judiciary:
First: the judiciary. It is concerned with adjudicating all disputes and crimes, except for what is within the jurisdiction of another judicial authority. It settles disputes related to the affairs of its members.
Second: The Public Prosecution. It is an integral part of the judiciary, and it undertakes the investigation, filing and initiating criminal cases, except for what is excluded by law, and the law defines its other competencies. The Public Prosecution is assumed by a Public Prosecutor appointed by a decision of the President of the Republic, based on the selection of the Supreme Judicial Council, from among the deputies of the President of the Court of Cassation, the Chiefs of Appeal and the Assistant Public Prosecutors, for a period of four years, or for the remaining period until reaching retirement age, whichever is earlier, and for one time throughout the duration of his work .

Third: The State Council. It is the third branch of the judiciary, and it is an independent judicial body. It has exclusive jurisdiction over other judicial bodies to settle all administrative and enforcement disputes related to its rulings. It undertakes disciplinary cases and appeals, fatwas on legal issues for the bodies specified by law, reviews and drafts laws and decisions of legislative nature referred to it, and reviews contracts to which the state is a party. The law determines his other competencies.