The Polysemy of approaches in the research of culture

Vocabulary:
interdisciplinary science – пәнаралық ғылым
possible to allocate – бөлуге мүмкіндік туындайды
in modern word usage – сөздің заманауи қолданысы
natural – artificial – табиғи - жасанды
influence of the person – адамның әсері
to result from – нәтижесі
essential shortcoming – байқалатын жетіспеушілік
spiritual basis – рухани негіз
certain society – қандай да бір қоғам
public life – қоғамдық өмір
exact explanation – нақты түсініктеме
set of values – құндылықтар жиынтығы
multiple-valued- әр түрлі мағыналы

Introduction
In modern word usage the concept (түсінік) of culture is extremely multiple-valued, and also scientific-theoretical. As a result, now there are not less than four hundred of scientific definitions of culture which cultural science as the interdisciplinary science is obliged to consider at culture research.

Introduction
It is possible to allocate some main and most widespread methodological approaches which have developed in modern culturological knowledge:
anthropological approach
axiological approach
normative approach
activity approach
sign - symbolic approach

Anthropological approach
One of the most widespread approaches to definition of culture is anthropological. According to it the culture represents everything that is created by the person. Definition is under construction on opposition «the natural – artificial», differentiating things and the phenomena having exclusively natural origin ("nature") and connected with human activity and activity (culture).

Anthropological approach
The anthropological approach results from initial value of culture as cultivation. It extremely expands the sphere of a phenomenon of culture, including in it everything that is connected with influence of the person. In this regard its essential shortcoming is found: between culture and society it is not carried out any distinction. It is characteristic for an anthropological approach: culture and civilization identification.

Axiological approach
The name of an approach occurs from a philosophical science about values – an axiology. The axiological approach starts with opposition «cultural – uncivilized», sharing social and cultural aspects in human life. In that case public relations and social groups carry to society activity and everything that is connected with valuable development of the world – to culture.

Axiological approach
Axiological definitions fix one of spiritual bases of culture, but extremely narrow the sphere of functioning of culture, including in it one positive and significant values. For example, if institute of slavery widely known in the history absolutely to delete from culture borders as anti-humane from a position of the modern person, there are not cleared those public norms and representations thanks to which there was possible its long existence.

Normative approach
The normative definitions of culture are very widespread in the western cultural anthropology. According to this direction the culture is the social norms defining behavior of the person. In such understanding culture represents the sum of different types of the acquired behavior based on social standards, the models which are transferring from generation to generation within certain society.

Activity approach
Essentially the different view on culture offers us the activity approach which has been rather extended in Russian culturologists (E.S.Markaryan, V.E.Davidovich, Yu.A. Zhdanov, etc.). According to this scientific position, at the heart of life of the person activity – purposeful and productive activity lies.

Activity approach
If all life of the person represents activity, the culture is a special way or technology of activity of the person. The culture sets algorithms and activity models in various spheres of public life (economic, political, art, scientific, religious etc.), thereby acting as way of preservation, reproduction and regulation of all public life.

Activity approach
Being too very wide, the activity approach, unlike anthropological definitions, carries out distinction between social and cultural spheres of human life, at the same time emphasizing that in reality they create the difficult differable dialectic unity, as though two parties of one "medal" (activity of the person).

Sign - symbolic approach
The sign - symbolic approach interprets culture as the world of senses, or special not genetic "memory" of human society which is coded, stored and transferred from generation to generation by means of signs. As a sign the word, gesture or a thing can act.

Sign - symbolical approach
As the same word, gesture or a thing can have absolutely various sense and communication with other signs because of features of consciousness and attitude of the people living in different societies, there is a need of "interpretation" of their values and reconstruction of these worlds of senses which make a basis of various cultures.

Conclusion
Summing up, it is important to note absence of the conventional (дәстүрлі)universal definitions of culture. In modern cultural science complexity and multidimensionality (әрдеңгейлілік) of culture is recognized, among scientists the opinion on impossibility of an exact explanation of culture within only one methodological approach dominates.