The roaring twenties

Mission Statement
The purpose of this virtual museum is to enable you, the viewer, to learn and experience all that there was to the 1920’s. This era had many great aspects, and many not so great. Although there were many tragedies both from the economical standpoint as well as the political, and cultural, the era indeed held enough excitement to be forever remembered as the Roaring 20’s. We hope that you enjoy this museum and cherish the memories that America has of this great era.

Index
Presidential Philosophy
Women’s Changing Roles
Prohibition
Radios & the Automobile
Entertainment
Medical Advances
Text-Based Documents
Non-Text-Based Documents
Bibliography

Presidential Philosophy
The philosophy of the presidents of the 1920’s towards business affected the operations of American businesses in different ways. The three different Presidents in control during the 1920’s were Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. The American business was affected differently under each of their control.
Under the short presidency of Warren Harding from 1921 to 1923 the government became very corrupted because of Harding’s choice of people he put in power. Also, with the end of the war the United States went through wage cuts, unemployment and growing farm distress. Also Harding lowered taxes and repealed wartime excess of profits tax. He also reduced railroad rates and promoted agricultural interests, a national budget system, a great merchant marine, and a department of public welfare. Despite what Harding did for the United States, he also let slip by him the great scandal brought on by Albert B. Fall. Because Harding was not very involved in the government or business Fall was able to lease two critical government oil reserves and in return he received illegal payments exceeding $300,000.
Under the presidency of Calvin Coolidge or “Silent Cal” the businesses of America greatly benefited. Coolidge gave his support of American business in many ways. He supported the business by raising tariffs, this helped the manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive and American goods more easily gotten. Coolidge was also less inclined to use the government to aid citizens.
Herbert Hoover was the thirty-first President in office from 1929 to 1933. Hoover had congress pass the Agricultural Marketing Act to help farmers that were suffering form low incomes. He also tried to have prohibition enforced but nothing came of the effort. Hoover also believed that the aid the unemployed needed should come from local governments not the federal government. His policy was to lend insurance companies, banks, railroads, state, and county governments money to stimulate activity in the economy. Many people believed that he should have aided big businesses so those businesses in turn could provide employment thus helping the people during the time of crisis the United States was in at the time.

Women’s Changing Roles
The changing role of women contributed to the Nineteenth Amendment in many ways. Women were already gaining many rights and wanted their final right to vote. They were also joining many different organizations to win those rights. But many of the women faced problems about where people felt they belonged.
By the time of the suffrage movement many women had already gained many of the rights that they now have today. An example is that women could now buy, sell and will property if they were married. This was partly due to the organizations that they had joined. One of the more prominent organizations was the National American Woman Suffrage Association also known as NAWSA. Women also joined voluntary organizations to investigate social conditions, publicize what they found, suggest reforms to be made and monitor the enforcement of new laws.
One of the strategies that women used to get the right to vote was they got individual states to let them vote. This worked the best in the western states because men and women were considered more equal than in other parts of the country. Women also tried to get a federal amendment to vote which was much harder. Anti-suffragists didn’t want women to vote because they feared it would make women more masculine. In later years the suffrage movement gained the support of working women and more men but lacked strong leadership. After the war started, many women started to take over the jobs that the men had left. They also started to work for ambulance corps, and also medical work to help the American people. Because of this there was no more talk of separate spheres for men and women; as this was one of the main arguments for the anti- suffragists, their movement lost momentum. After the long fight for the suffrage movement, Congress proposed the suffrage amendment and finally passed it after all of the work the members of NAWSA had done.

Prohibition in the 1920’s
Prohibition and its consequences characterized the roaring 20’s for a great many reasons. The passing of the prohibition act led to the illegal manufacturing and selling of alcoholic beverages. The prohibition process started as early as 1916 when “Doughboys” returning from W.W.I found that all of their saloons had been closed down. In 1916, twenty-three out of the forty-eight states had already passed anti-saloon acts.
Prohibition, also called “the noble experiment” by Herbert Hoover had come at last. The 18th amendment to the constitution prohibited the manufacturing, selling, and transporting of intoxicating liquors.
Many people, both men and women, had major arguments towards the passing of this amendment. Their were many people rebelling against the laws and doing so openly. The hip flask, filled with “bootleg” whiskey became a familiar symbol of the era. The “speakeasies”, or underground saloons, became very popular. Thousands of rumrunners, bootleggers, and beer barons were employed to keep these underground saloons stocked with liquor. Most of the liquor traffic can be traced back to gangsters whose names still ring fear in our hearts today. Notorious men such as Alphonse “Scarface Al” Capone of Chicago will be forever remembered for their involvement in the mob. Despite constant efforts of law enforcement officials to capture and punish these gangsters, they carefully evaded the law. Americans had never been quite accustomed to following the law, but in the 1920’s crime soared to great heights.
Prohibition was widely unsuccessful and was impossible to enforce. It also provided the underworld thugs with a source of revenue causing even more problems. It was not until 1933, the first year of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration that prohibition was repealed. Following this repeal, liquor control again became a state, rather than a federal problem.
The 1920’s will forever be remembered as a time of disorder and rebellion in society. Much of this can be attributed to prohibition and the law-breaking that it led to.

Radios & Automobiles Make An Entrance
The radio and the automobile influenced daily life in many different ways. The radio provided a source of entertainment to the people of America who were gaining more free time due to labor movements. The automobile made transportation easier and increased the amount of time that families spent together.
In the 1920’s only twenty-thousand people received wireless radio messages. As an experiment, Frank Conrad of the Westinghouse Company began to broadcast recorded music and baseball scores over the radio. He received such a great response that the company began broadcasting programs on a regular basis. By the fall of 1920, the country had its first commercially operated radio station, Pittsburgh’s KDKA. By 1922, over five hundred stations had formed with a quarter of them being controlled by newspapers. Networks such as the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) brought together many individual stations in order to play much of the same programming on different radio stations. Soon much of the country was able to hear the same jokes, commercials, and music at the same time.
Thanks to the automobile many different Americans were able to particularize their lifestyles in their own way. Because of Henry Ford, who invented the automobile, he made it possible to expand the United States industries thus influencing the 1920’s. Many people who were not wealthy were able to travel great distances if they chose to. Because of this the government built new road systems, parks and beaches for people of all economical statues. These developments helped the economy by stimulating the construction, rubber, gasoline, and petroleum, advertising, and tourist industries. Thanks to Henry Ford and his automobile we have made great strides in society.

Movies Take the Center Stage
The arrival of major film companies and entertainment advances created new and distinct subcultures in America during the 1920’s. Films blossomed during this era expanding upon the foundations from earlier years. Most of the US films of the decade were made in or near Hollywood on the West Coast. Throughout the majority of the decade, silent films were the most popular having evolved from vaudevillian roots.
Many new film studios emerged. There were major studios that became known as the Big Five Studios. Those five were: Warner Bros. Pictures, which was incorporated in 1923 by the Warner brothers, MGM, first named Metro-Golfwyn Pictures former in 1924, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum Pictures), which went into business in 1928 as a subsidiary of RCA, Famous Players, which formed in 1916, and Fox Film Corporation which later became known as 20th Century Fox, and was formed through a merger in 1935.
Movie palaces also began to arise everywhere. The Grauman Chinese Theater, seated 3,300 people. This theater opened in 1914 in New York City and marked the beginning of an age of the movie palaces.
New subcultures of actors and actresses arised as movies were being filmed more and more frequently. Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford were two of the biggest silent movie stars of the era. Mary Pickford’s marriage to Douglas Fairbanks Sr. in March of 1920 was a major cultural event. As a wedding gift, she was presented with the “Pickfair” a twenty-two room palatial mansion in Beverly Hills. This made the start of the movement of stars to lavish homes in West Hollywood and the making of Hollywood royalty.
There had previously been no clearly visible distinction between the rich and poor people of America. Movies and entertainment brought upon great cultural changes. The stars that appeared in silent pictures became known specifically for that and will always be remembered as the great stars of that decade. Without movies and entertainment advances, we would not have the “Hollywoodness” of society today. The 1920’s film stars were clearly paving the way for the great stars to come.

Medical Advances – The Invention of Penicillin
Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928
Was discovered when trying to find a way to kill bacteria
Completed in 1940 by British scientists
Derived from the fungus Penicillium
Acts by killing bacteria and inhibiting their growth
Does not kill organisms at a resting stage
Side effects may include allergic reactions which can be detected
Collected 25 Honorary Degrees
Collected 26 Medals
Collected 18 Prizes

Society Embraces the Automobile
Car sales soon went through the roof, as the public came to realize the benefits of an automobile. Auto-touring (vacationing) became extremely popular, with campsites and filling stations springing up around America. . . . As the end of the decade neared, Ford and Chevrolet locked horns in a fierce pricing battle that continued through the Thirties. Other automakers, such as Cadillac, Packard, and Chrysler, began to have an impact on the market. . . . Alas, the end of the 20's saw the stock market crash. The crash forced many smaller, obscure makers to close their doors and declare bankruptcy. Some companies soldiered on into the Thirties and Forties, but eventually faded from the scene. Few companies have survived to modern times, but those that have are some of the world's leaders in production and sales today.
http://yourpage.blazenet.net/keimpjad/autosindex.htm or http://20sautos.cjb.net
1. This document belongs to standard 11.5.7. Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity), and the results in prosperity and the effect on American landscape.
2. This document is a good example of the 1920’s and the standard described above because when the automobile became more widely used, more and more companies began to compete for the business of auto-buying customers. This led a great conflict in the business aspect of things. With so many new companies arising, the older and newer companies were constantly battling for profit. This led to a stock market crash and the bankruptcy of many companies.
3. This document falls under the main idea of technological change influencing daily life because the automobile made life easier for the consumers of America, but more difficult for the dealers that were trying to make it in business. The automobile manufacturers had to struggle continually to keep their business.
4. This resource fulfills my purposes for choosing it because it talks about the advancements of modern technology in the form of the automobile and its effect on the consumers as well as the producers of the automobile.

Flapper Dancing
Nurse till you're four years old and grow up on Pleasant Ave. Wear flesh colored swimsuits so people think you swim in the nude. Make everyone love you, desire you, remember you, especially men. Even those who resent you at first are later charmed, won over, at least for a moment, a night, and you remain imprinted in their memoirs, diaries, and gossip. Spin, spin, until the world is fast and heady, keep spinning in the revolving door of your hotel for half an hour, maybe more... don't stop before it's made an impression on you, on everyone. Don't ride in taxi's, ride on top of them. Pull fire alarms for the hell of it and when they answer your call, point to your breasts, that's where the fire is after all! Dancing on tables, and diving into fountains, it all began not in the movies, but with Zelda.
http://www.fadmag.com/items/flmingy/flmgyth2.htm
1. Analyze the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women in society.
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it describes how some women behaved after they had more rights.
3. The big idea that this document falls under is new and distinct cultures emerge as society changes. This is because as women got more freedom they began to change by changing their hairstyles and clothing style and becoming more outgoing.
4. This resource fulfills my purpose because it talks about the cultural changes that took place after the passing of the nineteenth amendment, this was important because it changed the way society looked at women.

Teapot Dome
“Harding, considered by many observers to be an “amiable second-rater,” did make some good cabinet appointments, such as the highly regarded Herbert Hoover for secretary of commerce. Yet Harding also selected a number of unqualified friends for key posts. Some of these pals brought scandal down upon Harding’s administration.”
America: Pathways to the Present Textbook
1. This falls under the standard that states, “ Discuss the policies of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and this standard because it describes how some presidents, namely Warren Harding, felt towards their administrations. Harding seemed to not take his job very seriously when it came to appointing those who would be in a position to make major national decisions. This was shown in the situation of the Teapot Dome Scandal.
3. This document falls under the big idea of social changes have political consequences because when Harding chose his friends to be appointed to the national positions, the government system and in turn the public were greatly affected and plagued by disorder.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes of it being chosen because it focuses on the major political scandals that were present during the time period of the Harding administration.

Harlem Renaissance
“ A type of music that was developed in this movement, was rooted in the musical tradition of American blacks. Most early jazz was played in small marching band or by solo pianists. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, the jazz style emerged, centered in New Orleans. The most influential musician in New Orleans was King Oliver's second trumpeter, Louis Armstrong”
http://www.uta.edu/english/V/students/collab13/joyce.html (Harlem and the 1920’s)
1. This falls under the standard that states, “ trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.
2. This is a good source of the 1920’s and this standard because it shows the affects of jazz and its rise to fame. Many people in America were greatly influenced by the
jazz music that arrived with the African American immigrants.
3. This falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because when jazz arrived in Northern America those who brought along the music with them were a distinct culture all on their own. The music that they brought soon spread to others and helped to create a strong national culture.
4. This resource fulfills our purposes for choosing it because it specifically talks about the jazz age.

Stock Market Crash
“O Stock Market, God of American Gamblers, be merciful to me, a petty and insignificant worshipper at your shrine! If I have been greedy, forgive me! Leave me my remnants, O Stock Market!
Arthur Crew Inman
America Pathways to the Present Text book
1. This falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and the effect on the American landscape.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it describes the effects of the great stock market crash of 1929. This stock market crash had a great and lasting effect on the prosperity of America.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because when the technology that allowed America to have such things as a stock market, Americans put more and more of their hard-earned money into their investments. When the stock market failed, many Americans were devastated over their great losses.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes for choosing it because it describes the anguish that the American people faced at the crash of the stock market.

Radios
“By 1922, over 500 stations had formed, with newspapers controlling about a quarter of them. Listeners can now hear music, news, sports events, and religious services over the air. To reach more people, networks such as the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) brought together many individual stations and each station in the network played the same programming. Soon much of the country was sharing the same jokes, commercials, and music.”
Creating a Shared Culture - America Pathways to the Present
1. This document falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how the radio had such a great impact on the nation, and how popular it became.
3. This document falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because with the invention of the radio, the people could now listen to the same things no matter where they lived.
4. This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it shows how the people started to become dependent upon the radio for entertainment.

The Red Scare
“In the United States, a rash of labor strikes and terrorist acts convinced many that the Reds were about to take over. A red scare . . . . . Gripped the nation.”
Postwar Adjustments – America Pathways to the Present
This document falls under the standard that states, “Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement. the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.”
This document is a good source of the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how the United States went into a panic because of what was going on even though it had nothing to do with a communist take-over
This document falls under the big idea that social changes have political consequences because of the national scare of communism that was the result of the Palmer Raids that incriminated many citizens of America.
This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it shows that the Roaring 20’s were not just a happy time, but they were also filled with great fear.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Ku Klux Klan initiation rules of the 1920’s
http://csis.pace.edu/schools/wp/dobrien/lists.htm
1. This falls under the standard that states. “Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement. the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows the intenseness of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s. There were many requirements to be a part of this organization. The Ku Klux Klan was a very big part of the 1920’s.
3. This falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because the Ku Klux Klan created a culture that was supportive of “white power” in the nation. They strove to achieve white Protestants to a dominant place in society.
4. This resource fulfills the purpose for choosing it because the Ku Klux Klan was a very important part if the 1920’s. They brought about many protests and problems in the era of jazz.

National Idols
“The new entertainment media helped create national idols. The American people, eager for someone to look up to after the trauma of WWI, embraced them. From the movies, the ever-innocent Mary Pickford became America’s Sweetheart; Clara Bow, The It Girl - a “good girl” who had “it”, or sexual allure. Charlie Chaplin was the Little Tramp, and Rudolph Valentino, The Sheik.”
Creating a Shared Culture - America Pathways to the Present
This document falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it shows how the American people looked up to the same people as their idols, the movie stars.
This document falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because without the invention of the movies the people would not have had someone they could look up to after the traumatic years of the war.
This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because the emergence of national idols brought America closer together because everybody looked up to the same people and helped to create a national culture.

The Vacuum Cleaner
“For the majority of women, it was technological change more than flapperism or jazz that seemed to promise real liberation. Thanks to cars, women could more easily shop for food. As manufacturers lowered prices for electrical products and as merchants introduced installment-plan buying, more women bought sewing machines, vacuum cleaners and other labor-saving devices.”
New Manners, New Morals - America Pathways to the Present
1. This document falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity) and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how more and more women were able to buy products that made the labor easier, but did not lighten the work load.
3. The big idea that this document falls under is that technological change influences daily life because the inventions helped to ease the labor involved, yet not the working because more was now expected out of the women because of the cleaning tools abilities.
4. This document fulfills the purpose of choosing it because it shows how the technological advances of the 1920’s helped women to be able to get housework done faster and therefore have more leisure time.

Jazz
“Most jazz artists struggled to earn a living and remained anonymous.”
The Jazz Age - America Pathways to the Present
1. This standard falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how even though jazz became extremely popular, the actual jazz players had a hard time living because of their ethnicity and society’s fear of the unknown and of change.
3. This document falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because as jazz became more popular the African American culture got a subculture of the jazz and blues players of that age.
4. This document fulfills the purpose of choosing it because the 1920’s was all about the Jazz Age.

Movies
“By 1917, the movies had become big business. Luxury movie theaters began to replace store-front nickelodeons. As with radio, corporate giants took control. The studios MetroGoldwyn Mayer, Warner Brothers, and Columbia dominated the field. Talkies- movies with sound- arrived in 1927 with the Jazz Singer, starring stage performer Al Jonsen. By 1930, patrons were buying 100,000,000 movie tickets a week.”
Creating a Shared Culture - America Pathways to the Present
1. This document falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how movies became extremely popular in the 1920’s.
3. This document falls under the big idea that technological changes influence daily life because people with leisure time began to spend it in theaters with others.
4. This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it shows that movies played a large part in the life of people throughout the 1920’s.

Prohibition
“For many, openly defying prohibition was almost fun. Others only pretended to comply, sneaking liquor into their homes or slinking off to speakeasies, bars where liquor was served illegally.”
Stemming the Tide of Change - America Pathways to the Present
1. This document falls under the standard that states, “Examine the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act (Prohibition).”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it shows that prohibition was not a widely accepted practice and people had no qualms about defying the government.
3. This document falls under the big idea that social changes have political consequences because no one was actually following what the government dictated. Later the government realized this and repealed prohibition.
4. This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it shows how the people reacted to things they didn’t like in the 1920’s.

The 19th Amendment
“Polling places moved out of saloons and into more public spaces, and women in twenty-one states began to serve on juries. National victories included the Sheppard-Towner Act, and the Cable Act.”
Social and Political Developments – America Pathways to the Present
This document falls under the standard that states, “Analyze the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women in society,”
This is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows how women affected voting and other ideals that they believed in.
This document falls under the big idea that social changes have politcal consequences because it shows that women’s growing importance was able to have a growing impact on the American government.
This document fulfills the purpose of choosing it because it shows how women became more important as their wants became known to society.

The Scopes Trial
“Fundamentalists argued that the theory of evolution contradicted biblical accounts of the creation of the world. Several states passed an anti-evolution law . . . . John T. Scopes . . . . Arrest followed.”
Stemming the Tide of Change – America Pathways to the Present
This document falls under the standard that states, “Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement. the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.”
This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it talks about the attack on a high school teacher about his teaching’s based on Charles Darwin’s theory. This was however rejected because it went against his constitutional rights.
This document falls under the big idea that social changes have political consequences because the fundamentalists argued that evolution contradicted the Bible, it was because of this that several states passed and anti-evolution law and John T. Scopes was therefore arrested and his trial followed.
This document fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it had great effects on the 1920’s because the people of America were able to hear the trial through the great invention of the radio.

Society Embraces the Automobile
Couple riding in 1920 Open Ford Rounabout
http://shopping.corbis.com/search/productsearch.asp?search=1920's%20vacuum&pf=
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on American landscape.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because the availability of the automobile made dating less formal and more private. It also brought out a national fear of the spreading of STD’s.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological changes influence daily life because it was the invention of the assembly line that made mass production of the automobile easier and therefore lowered the cost of automobiles. With production being easier and less costly, the automobile was more available to everyday people.
4. This picture fulfills the purposes for choosing it because the automobile and its availability were huge parts of the 1920’s era. Without the automobile travel would have not evolved as it has, and dating rituals would still be to sit at home with parents and have no time to actually talk. The automobile played a large part in the evolution of society as it is today.

F l a p p e r s
This picture shows how the people danced during the roaring twenties.
It also shows how some of the people dressed during this time.

Teapot Dome
Juggernaut. This 1924 cartoon shows the dimensions of the Teapot Dome scandal.
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/tindall/timelinf/teapot.htm
1. This falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the policies of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.”
2. This document is a good source of the 1920’s and the above standard because it “shows the dimensions of the Teapot Dome scandal.”
3. This falls under the big idea that social changes have political effects because when the Teapot Dome Scandal took place the president at that time, Warren Harding, had selected his companion Albert B. Fall who leased government oil reserves to other company’s for payments.
4. This resource fulfills our purposes for choosing it because it focuses on the horror and political consequences of the Teapot Dome scandal.

Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance Representation of 1920’s
http://www.bn.com
1.This picture falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This book cover and the book are a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because this book was a great representation of the Harlem Renaissance. This book explained that being of African American heritage should not be a problem but a grace.
3. This picture falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because when African Americans began recognizing that their heritage could be considered a problem, they took a stand.
4. This picture fulfills the purpose for choosing it because the Harlem Renaissance was very much a great part of the 1920’s. Without the Harlem Renaissance, America would not have had so many distinct cultures that have shaped America today.

Stock Market Crash
1. This graph falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g. the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it describes the effects of the great stock market crash of 1929. This stock market crash had a great and lasting effect on the prosperity of America.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because when the technology that allowed America to have such things as a stock market, Americans put more and more of their hard-earned money into their investments. When the stock market failed, many Americans were devastated over their great losses.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes for choosing it because it describes the anguish that the American people faced at the crash of the stock market.
http://www.arts.unimelb.edu.au/amu/ucr/student/1997/Yee/1929.htm

Radio’s
http://www.yourclockshop.com/crosleyradios.html
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effect of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This picture is a good source of the 1920’s and the above standard because it was a major milestone in American unity. When radio programs were invented, more and more people across the nation could listen to the same commercials, the same jokes and the same radio reports.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological changes influence daily life because technological advances such as the radio brought about a new way to spend the leisure time that was more available as labor unions took a stand.
4. This resource fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it is a description of the radio and the new technology that helped to bring about a new and distinct national culture.
1920's Harco AM/FM Radio

The Red Scare
From: Students at Michigan State University
1. This falls under standard 11.5.2. Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, an philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “Back-to-Africa” movement, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above mentioned standard because it was describing the Palmer Raids and the fear of revolution.
3. This falls under the idea that social changes have political consequences because it describes the Palmer Raid and the fear of revolution in the form of a movie about the Red Scare. With all of the fright towards the revolution, the political figures that seemed to support it were greatly suffering in votes and support from the American public.
4. This resource fulfills the expectations necessary for being chosen because of its involvement in the revolution and the Palmer Raids. It is a great example of how the public was feeling at the time that all of this was happening.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
1. This falls under the standard that states. “Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey’s “back-to-Africa” movement. the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.”
2. This document is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows the intense manner of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s. There were many requirements to be a part of this organization. The Ku Klux Klan was a very big part of the 1920’s.
3. This falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because the Ku Klux Klan created a culture that was supportive of “white power” in the nation. They strove to achieve white Protestants to a dominant place in society.
4. This resource fulfills the purpose for choosing it because the Ku Klux Klan was a very important part if the 1920’s. They brought about many protests and problems in the era of jazz
http://csis.pace.edu/schools/wp/dobrien/lists.htm

Charlie Chaplin
http://www.altocelebs.com/c/charlie-chaplin/posters-1.html
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because Charlie Chaplin was a major idol during the 1920’s. When silent films became popular, people associated them with Charlie Chaplin.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because movies brought about a unity in society that had previously been absent. People were now able to share a common interest. Idols emerged from the movies that became national symbols.
4. This resource fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it deals with the emergence of national idols. With movies around now, Americans had a common pastime among them. This greatly contributed to the national culture that Americans were striving to achieve.

The Vacuum
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on American landscape.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because with the invention of the vacuum cleaners there were many consequences both good and bad. Women now had less work to do to clean their carpets and floors, but now that the technology was available, things were expected to be spotless and it was said that a woman’s worth could be told by the cleanliness of her carpet.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because the vacuum cleaner revolutionized the cleaning techniques that had been previously used.
4. This picture fulfills the purpose for choosing it because it is a great source of information on the 1920’s household technological advances.
http://users.pipeline.com.au/mma/pages/History/vacuum.htm

Jazz
http://shopping.corbis.com/search/productsearch.asp?pf=&search=jazz
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it is a demonstration of the emergence of jazz bands. With the arrival of such cultural activities, women were able to let down their hair and be a little less proper.
3. This falls under the big idea that new and distinct culture(s) emerge as society changes because with the emergence of the jazz culture, women’s roles in society changed. There was no longer the need to restrain one’s self in public places. Flapper dancing became a popular activity among women of all ages.
4. The picture fulfills the purpose for choosing it because is a good description of how women’s roles were changed during the ever famous jazz age.
Jazz band of the 1920’s

Theaters
1. This picture represents the standard that states, “Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because as movies emerged, people were able to join together for social purposes and become closer as a nation.
3. This picture falls under the big idea that technological change influences daily life because the movies that emerged became a hugely popular way to spend newly acquired leisure time.
4. This resource fulfills the purpose of choosing it because it is a description of the great importance of they technological advancements that took place during the 1920’s.
http://shopping.corbis.com/search/productsearch.asp?pf=&search=theaters

Prohibition & Al Capone
http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/photos15.html
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Examine the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act (Prohibition).”
2. This picture is a good source of the 1920’s and the above standard because Al Capone was a big consequence of the Prohibition Act. Without prohibition, there would have been no need for speakeasies, therefore no need for suppliers, therefore no need for gangsters, therefore no need for Al Capone. History would have been dramatically altered without this man that will forever be remembered as the true gangster.
3. This falls under the big idea that social changes have political consequences because when people finally realized that prohibition was not at all being followed as a law, they proceeded to repeal the act, restoring at least some order to the society that had been plagued by gangster initiated fights.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes for choosing it because Al Capone was a great part of history that is dealing with prohibition.

19th Amendment
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “Analyze the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women in society.”
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the above standard because it shows a group of women protesters that are fighting for the right to vote, among other things. Without the passing of the nineteenth amendment, the 1920’s and the rest of time would forever be changed.
3.This falls under the big idea that social changes have political consequences because women wanted more rights and privileges which caused the political world to go into an uproar when people such as flappers emerged into society. They felt that all that they had worked for to perfect their society was gone in a flash.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes for choosing it because it is a picture that simply yet effectively shows the things that women had to go through to gain the rights that so many of us take for granted in today’s society.
http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/constitution/19th_amendment.html

The 35mm Camera
http://mediahistory.umn.edu/time/1920s.html
1. This picture falls under the standard that states, “ Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.
2. This picture is a good source for the 1920’s and the standard above because it was an invention that greatly changed America. With the invention of such cameras to film movies, American idols emerged as films became more and more popular sources of entertainment.
3. This falls under the big idea that technological changes influence daily life because when movies became the chosen way to spend newly acquired leisure time people all throughout the nation began to look towards movies as the sole source of entertainment. Now all of America was able to enjoy movie productions.
4. This resource fulfills the purposes for choosing it because it accurately shows how the emergence of movies and entertainment possibilities in the American society brought our nation closer together.
Hand-cranked 35 mm movie camera

Bibliography
http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/29phard.html (essay #1)
Cayton, Perry, and Allan M. Winkler. America Pathways to the Present. Prentice Hall: Needham, Massachusettes, 1998. Social and Political Developments (essay #1)
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html (essay #1)
http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/31phoov.html (essay #1)
Cayton, Perry, and Allan M. Winkler. America Pathways to the Present. Prentice Hall: Needham, Massachusettes, 1998. Suffrage at Last: A turning point in history. (essay #2)
http://id.essortment.com/historyprohibit_pmh.htm (essay #3)
Cayton, Perry, and Allan M. Winkler. America Pathways to the Present. Prentice Hall: Needham, Massachusettes, 1998. Creating a Shared Culture. (essay # 4)
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761561064
http://yourpage.blazenet.net/keimpjad/autosindex.htm or http://20sautos.cjb.net
http://users.pipeline.com.au/mma/pages/History/vacuum.htm
http://shopping.corbis.com/search/productsearch.asp?pf=&search=theaters
http://www.chicagohs.org/history/capone/photos15.html

Bibliography cont.
http://www.filmsite.org (essay # 5)
http://www.fadmag.com/items/flmingy/flmgyth2.htm (text-based document #1)
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture17.html (non text-based document #1)
http://mediahistory.umn.edu/time/1920s.html ( fact sheet)
http://www.levity.com/corduroy/harlem.htm (harlem)
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/harlem/ (harlem picture)
http://www.uta.edu/english/V/students/collab13/joyce.html (harlem and the 1920’s)
http://www.jeannepasero.com/harlem.html (HARLEM #1)
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sgo/exhibit/captions/caption6.html (shuffle along orchestra)
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sgo/exhibit/captions/caption8.html ( music)
http://csis.pace.edu/schools/wp/dobrien/lists.htm
http://shopping.corbis.com/search/productsearch.asp?pf=&search=jazz
Creating a Shared Culture - America Pathways to the Present
http://www.uta.edu/english/V/students/collab13/joyce.html
Stemming the Tide of Change – America Pathways to the Present