The system of state bodies of lebanon

Plan:
1. The head of the State President / King (personal info about current leader) Qualifications for the candidate Manner of election, term of office Functions Termination of his office
2. Legislative power Parliament Qualifications for the candidates Manner of formation / election Functions
3. Executive power Government (Council of Ministers etc.) Functions
4. Judicial power Courts system

President of the Lebanese Republic
The president of the Lebanese Republic is the head of state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a term of six years, which is not immediately renewable. By convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who is at least 21 years old.

The president of the republic is the head of the state and the symbol of the nation's unity. He shall safeguard the constitution and lebanon's independence, unity, and territorial integrity. The president shall preside over the supreme defense council and be the commander-in-chief of the armed forces which fall under the authority of the council of ministers.
The president of the republic shall be elected by secret ballot and by a two-thirds majority of the chamber of deputies. After a first ballot, an absolute majority shall be sufficient. The president's term is six years. He may not be re-elected until six years after the expiration of his last mandate. No one may be elected to the presidency of the republic unless he fulfills the conditions of eligibility for the chamber of deputies.
It is also not possible to elect judges, grade one civil servants, or their equivalents in all public institutions to the Presidency during their term or office or within two years following the date of their resignation or and their effective cessation of service, or following retirement.

Head of state in Lebanon
President of Lebanon: Michel Aoun

Military service
Nickname(s): Jebrayel
Allegiance : Lebanon
Branch/service : Lebanese Army
Years of service: 1958–1991
Rank :General
Battles/wars : Lebanese Civil War
Aoun's presidency was disputed by Selim Hoss, René Moawad and Elias Hrawi.
Aoun's premiership was disputed by Selim Hoss

Qualifications:
The constitution requires the president hold the same qualifications as a member of Parliament which are Lebanese citizenship and attainment of the age of twenty-five .
Though not specifically stated in the constitution, an understanding known as the National Pact, agreed in 1943, customarily limits the office to members of the Maronite Christian faith. This is based on a gentlemen's agreement between Lebanon's Maronite Christian president Bechara El Khoury and his Sunni Muslim prime minister Riad Al Solh which was reached in 1943, when Lebanon became independent of France and described that the president of the Republic was to be a Maronite Christian the prime minister a Sunni Muslim and the speaker of Parliament a Shia Muslim.

Role and responsibilities
Issue the decree appointing the prime minister (by convention Sunni Muslim) independently.
Issue the decree forming the government (i.e. the cabinet), co-signed by the prime minister. The government must then receive a vote-of-confidence by the Chamber of Deputies (51%) in order to become active.
Fire the prime minister (at will, no confirmation needed). This automatically fires the entire government, meaning every minister.
Fire an individual minister. Requires confirmation of 2/3 of the cabinet and the signature of the PM. If more than 1/3 of the ministers constituting the initial government are fired/resign, then the entire government is considered resign.
Sign into law and promulgate laws (countersigned by the PM).

Veto bills passed by the parliament and the cabinet. The veto can be overridden by the Chamber of Deputies through a constitutional procedure. The cabinet cannot override the President.
Sign decrees concerning a specific ministry. Countersigned by the PM and ministers involved.
Negotiate and ratify international treaties. All treaties must be approved by 2/3 of the cabinet before entering into force. Treaties involving spending that cannot be cancelled every new year must also be approved by Parliament (51%).
Dissolve the parliament. Must be countersigned by the PM, and requires a 2/3 approval of the cabinet.
Pass "emergency decrees" without the parliament's approval (article 58).Requires a half + 1 majority of the ministers. To pass emergency decrees without the parliament's approval, the parliament must spend 40 days without taking any action on a bill that was previously declared urgent by the president.

Manner of election for lebanese president
The president of the republic is elected in secret ballot by a two-third majority of the parliament in the first round. An absolute majority is sufficient in the subsequent rounds of voting. The term of the president in office is of six years and he cannot be reelected until after six years from the end of his term.
How is Lebanon's president elected? : Incumbent
The president of the Lebanese Republic is the head of state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a term of six years, which is not immediately renewable. By convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who is at least 21 years old.

Thirty to sixty days before the expiration of a president's term, the speaker of the chamber of deputies calls for a special session to elect a new president, which selects a candidate for a six-year term on a secret ballot in which a two-thirds majority is required to elect. If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, a second ballot is held in which only a majority is required to elect. An individual cannot be reelected president until six years have passed from the expiration of his or her first term.

Legislative power
Parliament:
With the election of the first chamber of deputies on a national, non-confessional basis, a senate shall be established in which all the religious communities shall be represented. Its authority shall be limited to major national issues.
The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of elected members; their number and the method of their election shall be determined by the electoral laws in effect. Until such time as the Chamber enacts an electoral law on a non-confessional basis, the distribution of seats shall be according to the following principles:
a. Equal representation between Christians and Muslims.
b. Proportional representation among the confessional groups within each religious community.
c. Proportional representation among geographic regions.
Exceptionally, and for one time only, the seats that are currently vacant, as well as the new seats that have been established by law, shall be filled by appointment, all at once, and by a majority of the Government of National Unity. This is to establish equality between Christians and Muslims as stipulated in the Document of National Accord. The electoral laws shall specify the details regarding the implementation of this clause.
Should the Chamber of Deputies be dissolved, the decision of dissolution must provide for the holding of new elections to be held in accordance with Article 24 and within a period not exceeding three months.

Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation
Confession Before Taif After Taif
Maronite Catholic 30 34
Eastern Orthodox 11 14
Melkite Catholic 6 8
Armenian Orthodox 4 5
Armenian Catholic 1 1
Protestant 1 1
Other Christian Minorities 1 1
Total Christians 54 64
Sunni 20 27
Shi'ite 19 27
Alawite 0 2
Druze 6 8
Total Muslims + Druze 45 64
Total 99 128

Elections: Voters and candidates:
Every lebanese individual who has attained the legal age stipulated in the constitution, whether or not resident on the lebanese territory, shall be entitled to vote.
The following shall be prevented from voting:
1- persons deprived by legal sentence of their civil rights
2- persons convicted to be permanently disqualified from public service at any grades or positions
3- persons disqualified from their grades or public service temporarily, until the end of the disqualification period
4- persons convicted of a felony

5- persons convicted of one of the following major offences: burglary, fraud, issuing of uncovered checks, breach of trust, misappropriation of funds, bribery, perjury, rape, intimidation, falsification, forgery, false testimony, immoral crimes as stated in the seventh chapter of the penal code, and crimes related to the planting, production and/or trade in illicit drugs
6- persons interdicted by court order until the end of the interdiction period
7- persons declared fraudulently bankrupt or those sentenced to sanctions stated in articles 689 to 698 of the penal code
8- persons convicted and sentenced to sanctions stated in articles 329 to 334 of the penal code
The aforementioned persons may not vote until after rehabilitation.
Every Lebanese who has completed the age of twenty-five years may run for parliamentary elections.
The only persons allowed to run for parliamentary elections are Lebanese citizens registered in the voters’ rolls, enjoying their civil and political rights and literate. Naturalized persons may not run for elections until ten years after their naturalization.
Military personnel of various ranks, whether in the army, State Security, Internal Security Forces, Public Security or Customs Police and those considered as such may not run for parliamentary elections; however, they may run as candidates if they are sent into retirement or if their resignation has been accepted six months before the elections’ date.

1- the below mentioned persons may not run as candidates while still exercising their jobs and within the periods that follow their end of service or their resignation acceptance date:
A- judges of all degrees and ranks, whether in the legal, administrative, financial, religious, confessional or spiritual judiciary, unless they submit their resignation and effectively stop the practice of their function pursuant to the legal judiciary law provisions.
B- public employees of the first and second ranks, unless they submit their resignation and effectively stop the practice of their functions six months at least before the expiry of the parliament’s mandate;
C- full-time board chairpersons and members of public institutions and bodies, mixed economy companies (semi-public), public capital companies, as well as public utility institutions and their directors general, unless they present their resignation and effectively stop the practice of their functions six months at least before the expiry of the parliament’s mandate.
D- presidents or vice-presidents of municipal councils in muhafazats and district centers and municipal unions, unless they submit their resignation and effectively stop the practice of their functions two years at least before the expiry of the parliament’s mandate; and six months at least before that date for the rest of municipal councils’ presidents and vice-presidents.
2- regardless of any other reference, a resignation based on the above mentioned reasons shall be deemed accepted as soon as it is submitted and the work effectively stopped.
3- the faculty, full timers and contractual members of the lebanese university shall be exempted from the provisions of the present article.

Functions:
Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries.
Its major functions are to elect the President of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure.

Executive power
The Prime Minister is the head of Government and its representative. He speaks in its name and shall be considered responsible for executing the general policy that is set by the Council of Ministers.
He shall exercise the following powers:
1. He shall head the Council of Ministers and shall be, ex officio, Deputy Head of the Supreme Defense Council.
2. He shall conduct the parliamentary consultations for forming the Government and shall sign with the President of the Republic the decree of its formation. The Government must present its general statement of policy to the Chamber to gain its confidence within thirty days of the date of issuance of the decree in which the Government was formed. The Government shall not exercise its powers before it gains confidence nor after it has resigned or is considered resigned, except in the narrow sense of a care-taker government.
3. He shall present the Government's general policy before the Chamber of Deputies.
4. He shall sign with the President of the Republic all decrees, except the decree which designates him the Prime Minister and the decree accepting the Government resignation or considering it as resigned.

5. He shall sign the decree calling for an extraordinary parliamentary session, and decrees issuing laws, and decrees requesting the reconsideration of laws.
6. He shall call the Council of Ministers into session and set its agenda. He shall inform the President beforehand of the subjects included on the agenda and of the urgent subjects that will be discussed.
7. He shall follow up the activities of administrations and public institutions and shall coordinate among the ministers and give general guidance to ensure the proper progress of affairs.
8. He shall hold working meetings with the concerned authorities in the Government in the presence of the concerned minister.

Prime minister
The Prime Minister is appointed (and removed) by the president of Lebanon, with no confirmation needed from the Parliament of Lebanon. By convention, the office holder is always a Sunni Muslim. The current prime minister is Hassan Diab, having taken office on 21 January 2020.

The judiciary Power
The judiciary in lebanon is divided horizontally into four main court systems, each having a multilevel hierarchical structure. ... The administrative court system known as majlis al-shura, the military court system, and. The religious court systems.

Judicial structure and court system
The judiciary is comprised of ordinary and exceptional courts. The ordinary courts are arranged in a hierarchy, and they are subdivided into criminal and civil departments. At the base of the structure are the courts of first instance. These courts are organized into chambers of three judges each, although a single judge may adjudicate civil cases of lesser value and minor criminal cases. Judgments from the courts of first instance can be appealed to the courts of appeal, which have both appellate and original jurisdictions over felonies. There are six courts of appeal, one located in each district (mohafazat). They are presided over by a first president, or chief judge, with supervisory and administrative duties, and comprise a public prosecution department headed by an attorney general.

This court is the highest judiciary power in Lebanon, composed of a principal president and heads of chambers with specific jurisdiction. ... The Court of Cassation jurisdiction is to challenge decisions rendered by the Courts of Appeal by reason of violation of law provisions, then it judges on merits.

What is the judicial system of Lebanon Why?
The Lebanese constitution issued on May 23, 1926 stated in article 20 that “the judicial power is entrusted to the courts of all degrees and jurisdictions within a system stipulated by law and granting necessary guarantees for all judges and litigants
What is the judicial system of Lebanon?
The judiciary in Lebanon is divided horizontally into four main court systems, each having a multilevel hierarchical structure. ... the administrative court system known as Majlis al-Shura, the military court system, and. the religious court systems

What is the highest court in Lebanon?
The Court of Cassation
The Court of Cassation is Lebanon's highest court.
Cases from all courts may eventually be appealed to the Court of Cassation.

References
[1] Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Reform groups rally in favor of proportional representation following stall in negotiations - News , Lebanon News - THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb.
External links[edit]
Adam Carr's Election Archive
Libanvote: an exhaustive record of all elections since 1927, with a constituency-by-constituency breakdown of votes by candidate, together with any subsequent byelections for particular constituencies.
Mohammad Bazzi: Lebanese Election Preview Council on Foreign Relations
Naharnet Elections 2009 Coverage: Candidate and District News
Election Laws and Codes (in Arabic)
Seat Allocation by Confession by District (map) (in Arabic)
Sharek961 empowers Lebanese citizens to promote transparency by sending in eyewitness reports on all election-related incidents or issues. People across Lebanon can send in reports through SMS, email, and the web
Official website of government. 6 June 2015.
^ "ICL - Lebanon - Constitution". www.servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
^ Lebanon's MPs extend own terms. Al-Monitor. Published: 10 November 2014.
^ Jump up to:a b c d "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
^ Naharnet Newsdesk. "Report: Ferzli 'Outside' His Bloc, Criticizes Presidential Term". Naharnet.

^ Azar, Georgi. "Lebanon's government resigns amid mounting pressure". Annahar.
^ "MP Jean Obeid Dies after Covid Diagnosis". Naharnet.
^ "Démission du député Marwan Hamadé". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
^ "MP Michel Murr passes away". MTV. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ "MP Neemat Frem announces his resignation". LBC.
^ ASSAF, Claude (2019-09-10). "A Tyr, le candidat du Hezbollah en voie d'être élu d'office - Claude ASSAF". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-19.
^ "Nawaf Moussaoui, député du Hezbollah, présente sa démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/
Davie, May (1997) The History and Evolution of Public Spaces in Beirut Central District, Solidere, Beirut.
Saliba, Robert (2004) Beirut City Center Recovery: The Foch-Allenby and Etoile Conservation Area, Steidel, Göttingen.