Trainig aircraft

Entering the service of the AF of up-to-date aircraft systems (AS) with new operational capabilities imposes increased demands towards the training level of the graduates of flight institutions of higher education. A modern pilot should possess the whole wealth of knowledge, skills and abilities allowing him to use the combat potential of up-to-date and perspective AS in all their application conditions to the full extent.
The existing flight personnel training system based on the use of practically one type of the training aircraft (L-39) and the use of the combat aeronautical engineering (MiG-29, Su-25) in the training process is physically and morally outdated and does not comply with up-to-date requirements. Moreover, this training system is not reasonable according to the criterion “efficiency/cost”.
The improvement of the flight personnel training system should be intended, first of all, for the formation of the rational training aircraft fleet that provides for the implementation of the reasonable stage-by-stage approach to the training and the use of training aircrafts (TA) adapted for the tasks of a corresponding training stage at every stage.
The criteria of TA reasonable fleet formation for flight institutions of higher education should be the provision of a given number of flight personnel training with the required training quality with minimum training costs.
Introduction
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As a rule, the TA reasonable fleet includes three types of aircrafts providing the carrying out of the preliminary, basic and higher training. The optimization of the TA fleet characteristics based on principles of methodical unification and succession, the stage-by-stage increasing of methodical possibilities (“from simple to complex”) and complementarities with the consideration of up-to-date requirements to military pilots’ training will make it possible to create conditions for the further harmonic mastering of a combat aircraft. This approach will provide the achievement of a high quality of pilots’ training and minimizing of their training costs.
The most important component that ensures the efficiency improvement of the pilots training process is the education integration providing for the methodic and information integration of training in auditoriums, on training simulators and during the flight. An integrated training complex (ITC) combining the TA, simulators and classrooms should be created for every training stage, which are built on the basis of interactive automated training systems. At the same time, all ITC shall form the uniform through system of combat pilots’ training on the methodical basis.
One of the implementation conditions of perspective ITC creation projects in new economic conditions is their profitability, which is provided, first of all, by the volume of the serial production of corresponding TA. Increasing of TA serial production volumes can be achieved, on the one hand, for account of the sales markets expansion, first of all, foreign ones, which is provided by the consideration of their requirements, on the other hand – by the modification of a corresponding TA of another purpose, first of all, acrobatic ones. The latter is of immediate interest for the TA of the primary and basic training. That is why, the project of SR-10 aircraft creation provides for its development in two main modifications – training and acrobatic.

Purpose of the aircraft SR-10
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Training variant
Acrobatic variant
training of the pilot technique and
standard, advanced and higher
operation in accordance with tasks
of the initial and basic flight training;
training of navigation fundamentals
and flight operation en-route using
the standard navigation equipment;
instrument flight rules operation;
group formation flight training
in couples.
training of the pilot technique and
standard, advanced and higher
operation separately and in complex
in full range of the aircraft APC;
practicing of reverse aerobatics;
mastering of sports aerobatics;
participation in aircraft sports competitions.

Flight personnel training concept of the air force of the MF
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The flight training concept means the system of fundamental views to interrelated programs of the flight training, the type of training complexes, their composition and technical characteristics that provide for the effective training of fighting capacity of military pilots.
The concept of perspective system of flight training of pilots and navigators of the AF includes the stages of the initial, basic and advanced flight training in flight institutions of higher education, and the training of the combat-ready flight personnel in combat maneuver units and training centers in accordance with the Training program.
Basic provisions
Initial flight training
It is a set of actions directed to the determination of the professional competence of a future student in the flight work and the formation of his initial skills of the piloting technique , the spatial and visual orientation.
Basic flight training
It is a set and practical mastering of the training aircraft and a student’s training of the piloting technique and navigation in the daytime and at night for the purpose of training a future military pilot.
Advanced flight training
It is a set of actions intended for the young pilot’s combat training fundamentals on a combat training jet aircraft in the daytime and at night in simple and intricate meteorological conditions for the purpose of training a combat-ready pilot.
Each stage of the flight training has clear goals and objectives, which are followed at training complexes according to the stage.
Every ITC should consist of a corresponding TA and ground training facilities.
The TA of the initial training should be meant for the professional selection of future pilots and their teaching of fundamentals of piloting and navigation technique.
The TA of the basic training should provide the formation of solid piloting and navigation skills in the daytime at VFR and IFR, at night at VFR in the altitude and speed range characteristic for combat aircrafts in accordance with the specialization of a future military pilot. It should be an aircraft with TJE or TPE, with the aircraft control and navigation equipment (CNE), similar to the CNE of the advanced training TA. At the same time, such TA should be significantly cheaper than the advanced training TA of a corresponding profile.
The advanced training TA should provide the formation of solid piloting and navigation skills in the daytime and at night at VFR and IFR, and the combat training fundamentals in accordance with the specialization of a future military pilot. It should be an aircraft with TJE, APC and CNE similar to a corresponding combat aircraft.

USA
Great Britain
Korea
Brazil
Turkey
Japan
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Analysis of TA and OT fleet
used in flight training systems of the AF
and main foreign countries
Conclusion
- The flight personnel training system of the AF in foreign countries provides for three stages of flight training – initial, basic, and advanced.
- The flight training is performed at TA (OT) adapted to tasks of a given stage of the flight training at every stage.
The feature of the flight personnel training system is the use of a uniform TA at the stage of the initial and basic flight training and combat (operational) aircrafts at the advanced training stage.
Initial
flight training
Basic
flight training
Advanced
flight training
T-6B «Texan-II»
Т-67М
КТ-1
Т-23; Т-25
Т-41, SF-260
F-2B
Т-6A «Texan-II»
Tucano T.1
T-37
T-27, EMB.325
T-37
T-7
Т-38 «Talon»
Hawk-T.1 (T.1A)
Т-50
АТ-29
Т-38
Т-4

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Key features of TA (OT),
used in training systems of the AF in foreign countries
Conclusion
The world experience analysis shows that the following aircrafts are used for:
TA IFT aircrafts with a reciprocating engine and weight up to 1500 kg are used, as a rule,
TA BFT – aircrafts with TPE or TJE weight up to 5000 kg,
TA AFT – aircrafts with TJE weight approx. 9000 kg.
TA IFT
TA BFT
TA AFT

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Analysis of requirements to the APC
of training and combat aircrafts for different flight personnel training stages
Conclusion
According to its APC, the TA SR-10 complies with requirements imposed to the APC of the TA BFT best of all and can further replace L-39 at AFA (MI) used for the initial and basic flight training.

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Role and place of the aircraft SR-10
in the flight personnel training system
Conclusion
The analysis of conditions of tasks and exercises fulfillment of the flight training stages shows that according to its APC, the TA SR-100 provides the solution of tasks of the initial and basic flight training.
0
Flight altitude, km
Flight speed, km/h

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Technical characteristics of the aircraft SR-10

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The aircraft SR-10 has been developed by OOO “KB “Modern Aviation Technologies” in accordance with the initiative procedure as an acrobatic jet aircraft with the dimension up to 2700 kg. This aircraft can be produced as the training variant designed for the basic flight training of students – future military pilots – for the operation of up-to-date combat jets.
Up-to-date, commercial technological solutions are used in the aircraft construction to the maximum degree. It allows, on the one hand, to minimize risks and costs for the aircraft creation, on the other hand – to create a relatively cheap aircraft complying with modern requirements.
The aerodynamic composition of the aircraft was selected based on the condition of achieving high maneuvering characteristics and high structural strength, and minimum airframe weight with given geometric dimensions. The aircraft is built according to a standard aerodynamic scheme enabling maneuvering at wide angle of attack.
The aircraft uses the mechanical power-boosted control system. The control loop provides for the factory setting of gear ratio for acrobatics and training aircraft variants, which determine their control characteristics. To provide the flight safety, the control loop can be added with the maximum mode limiting system MML-10 (first of all, for the training variant).
General information
The airframe is made with a high degree of integrity, when the wing and the hull form the uniform all-body that provide high values of aerodynamic quality. The tricycle-equipped landing gear with a nose-wheel.
The head of the hull includes: the nose section with the equipment, the front gear bay, the pressurized double cockpit with a lamp. The middle part of the hull includes: the equipment compartment behind the cockpit, the hull fuel tank, side air intakes. The wing spars are attached to the power frames, side beams with attachment points of main gears are located along the sides. The aft part of the fuselage includes: the engine compartment, the life support and air conditioning systems. The vertical and horizontal empennages are attached to the aft part of side beams.
The set of the base case airborne equipment is minimum that provides the aircraft operation according to its purpose and includes the general aircraft, instrumentation and radio communication equipment of domestic and foreign production. The selection of the foreign-made equipment is dictated mainly by the absence of domestic analogs of the required quality and based on weight/dimension indicators. Variants of the airborne equipment kitting, including additional one will be determined upon coordination with Customers.

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The base variant of the aircraft SR-10 provides for the equipping with the dual-flow turbojet engine AI-25TLSh.
The aircraft is equipped with catapult chairs K-93. Together with the protective equipment the chairs provide safe escaping of the crew from the aircraft at speeds up to 950 km/h within the limits of operational range of altitudes, including modes V=0, H=0. Automatic devices of the chairs provide safe escaping of the crew from the aircraft for both one and two people.
Generally, the technical characteristics of the aircraft and its aircraft performance characteristics conform to the world level.
Arrangement of the aircraft SR-10

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Main aircraft performance characteristics
of the aircraft SR-10
Main aircraft performance characteristics
Crew
Maximum flight speed
Maximum horizontal flight speed
Maximum M value
Liftoff speed
Landing speed
Cruising speed at Н=6000 m
Maximum climbing capacity at the ground
Minimum radius of the stable turn
Maximum roll angle rotational speed
Maximum distance
Practical ceiling
Weight characteristics
Standard takeoff weight
Maximum takeoff weight
Standard landing weight
Maximum landing weight
2 persons
700 km/h
900 km/h
0.85
190 km/h
185 km/h
520 km/h
60 m/s
290 m
7 rad/s
1500 km
6000 m
2400 kg
2700 kg
2000 kg
2700 kg

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Substantiation of the airframe construction and
and aerodynamic design of the aircraft SR-10
Variants of aerodynamic arrangement
Factors that stipulated the
selection of the aerodynamic
arrangement of the aircraft SR-10
- High maneuver characteristics
- High speed characteristics
- Low takeoff and landing speed
- Minimum airframe weight at given geometric dimensions
Providing of high structural strength at high values of
standard overload (up to +11g)
Features of the selected aerodynamic
design of the aircraft SR-10 airframe
he Tkey feature of the aerodynamic design –
a high-wing aircraft with the wing of moderate
sweepforward
and advanced root swelling.
Aerodynamic wing profile with the relative thickness
The airframe is made according to a standard
aerodynamic design.
The hull of traditional form with side air intakes.
Control elements:
slot flap with the variation 15º (takeoff mode)
and 40º (landing mode);
longitudinal channel– all-moving horizontal empennage
(variation angles – -20º … +15º);
- lateral channel – ailerons (variation angles– ±25º);
- track channel – rudder (variation angles – ±27º).

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Aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft SR-10
Conclusion
The preliminary calculation of airframe aerodynamic characteristics by empirical engineering dependences by means of recalculation of prototype characteristics showed that the level of ADC at the selected aerodynamic design corresponds to requirements to the ADC of the acrobatics aircrafts of this class. For the purpose of receiving more exact assessments of the aircraft ADC, it is necessary to carry out experimental investigation in the wind tunnel, and the computational modeling by means of computing aero-hydrodynamics.

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Engine unit of the aircraft SR-10
Currently, the possibility of installation of a serial engine – AI-25TLSh – on the aircraft SR-10 is studied in a constructive way.
Main performance characteristics of the power unit

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Altitude-velocity and maneuver characteristics
of the aircraft SR-10 with the engine AI-25TLSh
Conclusion
The preliminary calculation of the altitude-velocity and maneuver characteristics of the aircraft SR-10 was carried out by means of the empirical engineer dependences based on the preliminary ADC and characteristics of the engine AI-25TLSh for MCA conditions. The engine operation mode – combat, average flight weight – 2150 kg, fuel reserve – 50%.
The level of altitude-velocity and maneuver characteristics of the aircraft SR-10 conform to requirements to specified characteristics of acrobatic aircrafts of this class.

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A set of airborne equipment of the aircraft SR-10
Conclusion
1. The set of airborne equipment provides the solution of tasks in accordance with the purpose of the aircraft SR-10.
2. According to the Customer’s decision, it is possible to replace the equipment of foreign production subject to availability of domestic analogs of appropriate quality.
3. At the Customer’s option, it is possible to install different variants of additional equipment.
Aircraft instrumentation
- gyrohorizon AGR-29
- directional system Installation Kit*
- satellite navigation system GPS Garmin 430*
- air signal system (pressure instruments)
- radio altimeter
- radio compass
- radio landing aids (glideslope group)
It is possible to install a similar equipment
of the domestic production
Radio communication equipment
- radio station «Yurok-M1»
- intercommunication device SPU-34
- Identificator of ATC
- Identification system
Aircraft systems and equipment
- power-supply system
- power unit control system
- fuel system
- hydraulic system
- pneumatic system
- anti-icing system
- maximum performance limiting system MPL-10
- air conditioning system
- objective control means

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Variants of control and navigational equipment
of the aircraft SR-10 cockpit
Currently, the possibility of installation of two types of cockpit panels was studied in a constructive way – the traditional panel on the basis of pointer-type instruments and the perspective on the basis of liquid-crystal indicators.
The selection of the cockpit panel type can be performed by the Customer based on financial or other conditions. Building the training variant of SR-10 aircraft, it is possible to install cockpit panels on the LCD base, which are unified with the control and navigational equipment of prospective combat aircrafts of “fighter” type.
Variant of the cockpit panel 1
Variant of the cockpit panel 2
Overview diagram
The cockpit panels are made on the basis of standard pointer-type instruments with the traditional placing of the main group of aviation instruments and the power unit control instrments.
The cockpit panels are made on the basis of LCD with the backup by the main group of standard aviation instruments. The conclusion of standard frames of aviation and control (equipment and system condition) information is provided for on the LCD, including information frames characteristic for combat aircrafts.

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Integrated assessment of the training aircraft SR-10

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Technical and economic indexes of the TA SR-10
thousand $
L-39
2000
2500
2000
3000
7000
8000
8000
8500
SR-10
IA-63
MB-339C
Alphajet
Yak-130
Hawk
Mk. 52
Hawk
Mk. 100

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Technical and economic indexes of the TA SR-10
Training efficiency of the TA(OT) for mastering of different
tasks during the flight personnel training for combat aircrafts of MiG-29 type
Conclusion
The training efficiency of the TA SR-10 is 10% higher on the average than the efficiency of its next analog – the TA L-39. It is conditioned by the best aircraft performance characteristics and the application of the up-to-date set of airborne equipment.
The training efficiency of the TA SR-10 comparing to similar indexes for the OT of advanced training of Yak-130 type is lower, first of all, during tasks connected with practicing of tactical employment elements. That is why, the application of the TA SR-10 in the flight personnel training system is reasonable at stages of the initial and basic training with the consideration of its technical and economic indexes.
Comparative assessment of the training potential of SR-10 and other TA(OT) during the flight personnel training for combat aircrafts of MiG-29 type
Variants of the TA

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Business-plan of the aircraft SR-10 creation

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One of the main conditions of implementing the commercial project of the aircraft SR-10 creation is its profitability that in the aggregate, together with potential risks will determine its investment attractiveness.
To provide the profitability of this project, the aircraft to be created is oriented potentially to quite a wide market, both domestic and foreign. For this purpose, this aircraft is being developed in two main modifications – training and acrobatic.
The training modification of the aircraft SR-10 is oriented to the needs of the AF flight institutions of higher education and potential foreign customers. A number of countries of the Central America, Africa and Asia are considered as potential importing countries, with which the high level of military and technical cooperation is observed.
Recently, the growth has been observed in the market of jet acrobatic aircrafts, first of all, among domestic and foreign commercial and private flying clubs. That is why, the acrobatic variant of the aircraft SR-10 is oriented to the needs of this market.
To improve the competitive attractiveness of the aircraft SR-10 both in the domestic and the foreign markets, the designer pays particular attention to the level of its technical and economic indexes (first of all, the market price and the operational cost). For this purpose, the variability of equipping the aircraft with the power unit and the airborne equipment is provided for too, that provides the possibility to offer this aircraft in quite a large price range, depending on financial possibilities and wishes of a potential customer.
To reduce the risks’ level during the aircraft creation, up-to-date technologies are applied, at the same time, the well-tested technological solutions have the preferential power. The latter provides also significant reduction of terms and cost of the aircraft creation.
The preliminary analysis shows that the project as a whole has a high level of investment attractiveness and can be implemented for 3…4 years. The project recoupment will be three years at most.
Conditions of the aircraft SR-10 project implementation

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Assessment of potential demand for SR-10
in the domestic and foreign markets
Potential demand of the foreign market for the
training variant of the aircraft SR-10
Potential demand of the foreign market for the
acrobatic variant of the aircraft SR-10
Foreign market

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Time schedule of the aircraft SR-10 creation
Conclusion
The analysis of the works progress over the aircraft SR-10 creation allows to forecast the completion of creation of its acrobatic variant in 2011.
In case of successful SR-10 project implementation, the creation of the training variant of this aircraft is possibly by 2013. With the works activation and their rhythmic financing, serial supplies of the TA SR-10 are possible, beginning from 2012.