ENGLISH ENLIGHTMENT

Francis Bacon

Isaac Newton

1660-1785
The Enlightenment
(Neoclassical) Period
1660-1700 The Restoration
1700-1745 The Augustan Age
(or Age of Pope)
1745-1785 The Age of Sensibility
(or Age of Johnson)

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Restauration: Events 1660-1700
1660 The Monarchy is restored. Charles II becomes the King.
1665-6 Great Plague of London
1666 Great Fire of London.
1666 Dutch raid the naval port of Chatham, near London.
1670 Secret Treaty of Dover: in return for a subsidy, Charles II agrees to help Louis XIV of France against Holland.
1672 Declaration of Indulgence towards Catholics and Nonconformists.
1673 Test Act excludes Catholics from public office.
1677 William of Orange marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York.
1678 Titus Oates invents a ‘Popish Plot’; Catholics persecuted.
1680 Crisis over the Exclusion Bill to exclude James, Duke of York, from the succession on the grounds of his Catholicism. (His second wife was the Catholic Mary of Modena, and they produced a son and heir.)

1683 Failure of the Rye House Plot to kill Charles and James.
1684 Monmouth, Charles’s bastard son, is implicated in the Rye House Plot.
1685 Charles I dies; James II accedes. Louis XIV allows persecution of French Protestants.
1687 James’s Declaration of Indulgence for Liberty of Conscience.
1688 Seven bishops refuse to swear to a Second Declaration. The so-called Glorious Revolution: William of Orange is invited to help depose James, who flees to France; William III and Mary II rule.
1689 The Bill of Rights; toleration of Nonconformists. James lands in Ireland; William’s war with France continues.
1690 William defeats James at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
1691 Jacobites are defeated at the Battle of Aughrim (Ireland).
1693 National Debt is begun.
1694 Bank of England is established

The Augustan Age: Events
1702 William dies. Anne reigns (to 1714).
1704 Marlborough defeats the French and the Bavarians at Blenheim.
1706 Marlborough defeats Louis XIV at Ramillies.
1707 Union of the Scottish Parliament with that of England at Westminster.
1710 Fall of the Whigs. Christopher Wren's St Paul's Cathedral completed. Act of Copyright.
1713 Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of Spanish Succession. British gains.

1714 Anne dies. The Hanoverian succession: George I reigns (to 1727).
1715 Fall of the Tories. Jacobite rising defeated.
1721 Walpole Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury (to 1742).
1727 George I dies. George II reigns (to 1760).
1730 Methodist Society is begun in Oxford.
1734 Lloyd's List (of shipping) begins.
1743War of Austrian Succession: George II defeats the French at Dettingen.
1745 Jacobite army reaches Derby, then withdraws.

The Age of Sensibility: Events
1746 Jacobites crushed at Culloden, near Inverness, in the north of Scotland.
1752 Britain changes to the Gregorian Calendar.
1756 William Pitt becomes Prime Minister. The Seven Years' War with France begins.
1760 Accession of George III.
1763 The Seven Years War ends, with Britain victorious. Wilkes freedom riots.
1773 The Boston Tea Party.
1775 American War of Independence begins.
1776 American Declaration of Independence.
1780 Anti-Catholic Gordon Riots.
1783 Britain recognizes American independence. Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister.
1789 French Revolution.

In the 18th century Britain was as powerful as France. This resulted from the growth of its industries and from the wealth of its large new trading empire.
Britain had the strongest navy in the world, the navy controlled Britain’s own trade routes and endangered those of its enemies.
Britain became wealthy thanks to trade. This wealth made possible both an agricultural and an industrial revolution which made Britain the most advanced economy in the world.

However, there was an enormous price to pay, because while a few people became richer, many others lost their land and their way of life.
Families were driven off the land in another period of enclosures. They became the working “proletariat” of the cities that made Britain’s trade and industrial empire of the 19th century possible.

The invention of machinery destroyed old “cottage industries” and created factories. The development of industry led to the sudden growth of cities like Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow.

This century also saw the change of the ruling dynasty: after William and Mary, came Mary’s sister , Queen Anne, the last of the Stuarts, who reigned from 1702 to 1714.
After her death a difficult situation arose: the direct succession to the throne belonged to the line of the deposed James II, his son and then his grandson, who, supported by the “Jacobites”, were waiting in France.

In order to avoid the Stuart succession, the crown was offered to a cousin of Queen Anne,the ruler of a small German kingdom of Hanover, who took the throne in 1714 as George I.

He was followed by his son, George II, and his grandson, George III. The Hanovers were not a very happy choice, but two attempts to restore the Stuarts proved a failure.

From now on the two-party system came into being.
The Whigs represented the financial interests, the cities and towns, and were against any interference of the monarchy in politics.
The Tories, many of them Jacobites, represented the country squires,and their folk, those who favoured old traditions.

The 18th century could also be called a century of wars.
From the beginning to the end of the century the great rival, the enemy was France. At first the struggle was for European supremacy, but by the middle of the century the struggle was for overseas empire. It was during these years that the huge British Empire was built up.

But though it was a century of wars, they were completely different from what we understand by “a war” in the 20th-21st centuries: these were usually fought by small professional armies, and the daily lives of most people were affected hardly at all. Even when Britain and France were at war, trade and cultural exchanges continued between the two countries.

The upper classes and the middle classes in Britain during this age felt more complacent than they had ever felt before or since. They felt that they lived in the best of all possible worlds. This 18th century complacency was partly due to the work of the scientists and philosophers. Human reason and “common sense” played such a significant role in this period that it is often called “the age of reason”.

The same key-word “reason” can be found in the definition of the term”Enlightenment”: “the period of the 18th century in Europe when certain thinkers taught that science and the use of reason would improve the human condition.”
The writers and philosophers of this age thought that man was virtuous by nature, and vice was due to ignorance only. So they started a public movement for enlightening people. To their understanding, this would do away with all the evils of society, and social harmony would be achieved.

But the 18th century in England was also “the age of elegance”. Real civilization, superior to the old classical civilization of Greece and Rome, to which the 18th century compared itself, had been achieved at last.
Now society ( persons of position, wealth and influence) could enjoy it. At the beginning of this period literature was created for this small society of important and influential people.

It was literature that could be read aloud in a drawing –room, enjoyed in a theatre or discussed in a coffee-house.
The atmosphere of this kind encouraged comedy, satire in verse and prose, pleasant little essays, and criticism, but it did not encourage poetry, because this society did not expect from literature anything private or intimate.
However, very soon the situation changed.
The middle class, especially women, took to buying and reading books This fact shows that by the 1770s the novel had won great popularity.

English literature of that time may be characterized by the following features:
This period saw the rise of the political pamphlet and essay, but the leading genre of the Enlightenment became the novel.
The prose style became clear, graceful and polished.
Poetry gave way to the prose age of essayists and novelists.
The hero of this novel was no longer a prince, but a representative of the middle class.
Literature became very instructive; writers tried to teach their readers what was good and what was bad.

The literature
The literature of the Enlightenment can be divided into 3 periods:
From the “Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 till the end of the 1730s:
Alexander Pope,
Daniel Defoe,
Jonathan Swift
The forties and fifties of the 18th century:
Samuel Richardson,
Henry Fielding,
Tobias Smollet
The last decades of the 18th century:
William Goldsmith,
Laurence Sterne,
Richard Sheridan

Daniel Defo
Robinson Crusoe

Jonathan Swift
Gulliver's Travels

Henry Fielding
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling

Laurence Sterne
The Life and
Opinions of
Tristram
Shandy,
Gentleman