Human development

Freud Psycho-Sexual Theory
GENITAL Stage Begins at puberty involves the development of the genitals, and libido begins to be used in its sexual role. However, those feelings for the opposite sex are a source of anxiety, because they are reminders of the feelings for the parents and the trauma that resulted from all that.

Genital Stage

Psychosocial Development

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescent egocentrism.
Preoccupation with himself or herself. Desire to be on a permanent social stage where you are the focus of attention. More focus on others’ opinions. First, a drop in self-esteem, soon recover and becomes stable.
MY VALUES? WHAT I WANT OUT OF LIFE?

Identity Searching

Identity vs. role confusion
Who am I ?
Imitation of other people, including parents, friends, even teachers
FAIL
Identity crisis
PASS
SUCCESS

Adolescence personal development.
Who am I? – identity crisis
The result of conflicting demands made upon them by society
Problems:
Sexually mature but expected to refrain from sexual encounters
Intelligent thinkers but not allowed to make important decisions concerning future careers and families.

James Marcia (1980)
Identity ? internal organization of drives, abilities, beliefs of an individual.
Identity Status.

Carol Gilligan (1983):
sex differences in identity formation.
Males form their identities as separate individuals based on individual achievement.
Females develop their identities based on social responsibilities and relationships.
This explains some of the difficulties men and women have when interacting.

Successful development of strong sense of identity: (according to Erickson)
Without developing a strong sense of trust ? unlikely to find ideologies that you can believe in.
Without autonomy ? unlikely to search out who you are and what you value.
Without initiative ? unlikely to make active choices that involve narrowing their options (process of experimentation)

Social Relationships.
Determined struggle for autonomy:
Separate entities from parents
Deidealising parents and focusing your ability to solve own problems
Conflicts (middle adolescence)
Parent – adolescent conflict:
Examples: asserting independence in ways from refusing to tidy rooms or staying out late with friends.
Teenagers who display the most independence –seeking behavior ? emotionally closest to their parents.
Parent-parent conflict
Example: constantly arguing parents
Result: anxiety, depression, aggression and delinquent behavior.

What Happens to Self-Esteem During Adolescence?
In early adolescence, self-esteem declines
Disparity between ideal and real self
From age 13, self-esteem gradually improves
May adjust ideas about ideal self
May become less self-critical
Emotional support from family and peers is important
Initially, family support more important
By late adolescence, peer support more important

How Do Relationships With One’s Parents and Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years?
Relationship with parents
Time spent with family decreases during adolescence
Boys tend to spend more time alone
Girls tend to spend more time with friends
More time spent with mother
More conflicts but also more support
Remaining close to family
More self-reliant and independence, higher self-esteem and better school performance
Conflicts are more frequent
Based on issues of control

Parent-parent conflict

How Do Relationships With One’s Parents and Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years?
Relationship with peers
Role of peers increases throughout adolescence
Friendships
More friends than younger children
One of two “best friends”
Based on acceptance, intimate self-disclosure and mutual understanding
Typically same age, race, and sex
Friendship contributes to
Positive self-concept and psychological adjustment

Peer groups
Clique
Crowd
a group of about 5-6 young people, all the same age and sex who have similar interests and backgrounds
Larger group of young people of both sexes with similar but also different interests and backgrounds
Develop a sense of identity within safe, supportive environment.

Level II Conventional Morality
(from 10 to app 16)
Stage 3. Children want approval from other people.
Stage 4. Adolescence conform to authorities to avoid the feeling of guilt.

Depression
sense of loss;
lack of romantic relationship or relationship breakdown;
family breakdown or moving house;
failing tests or exams.

Suicide

Criminal behaviour
Committing the crimes is a necessary part of membership of the social group and once the adolescent becomes more independent and his peers less influential, the criminal behaviour stops.

Eating Disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Young people with anorexia nervosa have low body weight and an intense fear of putting on weight.
The people most at risk of anorexia nervosa are woman aged 16-21 years.
BULIMIA NERVOSA
The person doesn’t starve themselves but has episodes of rapid consumption of vast quantities of food followed by vomiting, fasting or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.

Summary for Personality and Social development

Control questions
What adolescence is?
is a period of physical and psychological transition from childhood to adulthood
Is a period of transition from adulthood to the old ages
Period of time when people experience a lot of stress
How does puberty change an adolescent?
Person becomes ugly
Physical attractiveness and self esteem
Person do not change
How do they solve their problem of self determination?
Think a lot
Through the imitation to other people
Repeat what other people do