EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION

Содержание

Слайд 2

Equivalence

________________________(TE) is the key idea of translation.
Equivalent means equal in_______, amount, _________,

Equivalence ________________________(TE) is the key idea of translation. Equivalent means equal in_______, amount, _________, etc. (A.S.Hornby)
etc. (A.S.Hornby)

Слайд 3

Equivalence

Equivalence is the central issue in translation.
Its__________,____________, and _______________ within the

Equivalence Equivalence is the central issue in translation. Its__________,____________, and _______________ within
field of translation theory have caused___________
__________________.
Many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been _________ within this field for the past _______ years.

Слайд 4

Equivalence

The most innovative theorists (________ and Darbelnet,__________, Nida and_________ , Catford,_______, and

Equivalence The most innovative theorists (________ and Darbelnet,__________, Nida and_________ , Catford,_______,
finally Baker) have studied equivalence in relation to the_____________________________, using different approaches.

Слайд 5

Equivalence

V.G.Gark and I.N.Levin distinguish the following types of equivalents: formal, _________ and

Equivalence V.G.Gark and I.N.Levin distinguish the following types of equivalents: formal, _________
__________.
Formal equivalence
Semantic equivalence.

Слайд 6

Equivalence

Formal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases as:
The sun disappeared

Equivalence Formal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases as: The sun
behind a cloud – солнце скрылось за тучей.
Here we find _________________ ________________in addition to the similarity.

Слайд 7

Equivalence

The differences in the ___________ __________are determined by overall _______________________between Russian and

Equivalence The differences in the ___________ __________are determined by overall _______________________between Russian
English.
The use of articles in English, the use of perfective aspect, gender, forms, etc., in Russian.

Слайд 8

Equivalence

Semantic equivalence exists when the _________________ are expressed in the two languages

Equivalence Semantic equivalence exists when the _________________ are expressed in the two
in a way.
Example:- Troops were airlifted to the battlefield-
Bойска были переброшены по воздуху на поле.

Слайд 9

Equivalence

The English word “airfield” contains the same meaning as the Russian phrase

Equivalence The English word “airfield” contains the same meaning as the Russian
перебросить по воздуху.
Different _____________________ (in Russian and in English /a word group and a compound word),.

Слайд 10

Equivalence

“Situational equivalence”
the description of the_____________.
This description is not necessary_______________________________________.

Equivalence “Situational equivalence” the description of the_____________. This description is not necessary_______________________________________.

Слайд 11

Equivalence

Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees/ _______ or

Equivalence Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees/ _______
_____________________/ in respect of different levels of ___________/equivalent in respect of________, of__________, of grammar, of_________, etc./ and at different ranks /__________________________ ___________________________________/.

Слайд 12

Equivalence

Languages are _____________ from each other; they are different in ______ having

Equivalence Languages are _____________ from each other; they are different in ______
_________ ______and rules regulating the _____________of grammatical __________ of language and these forms have ____________ meanings.
To ______ from one language from another is to _______ the forms.

Слайд 13

Equivalence

There is no _________ synonymy between words in the same language.
Something

Equivalence There is no _________ synonymy between words in the same language.
is always lost / or, might one suggest “gained”?/ in __________ and translators can find themselves being __________ of reproducing only part of original and so “_____________” the authors_____________.

Слайд 14

Equivalence

If equivalence is to be “_________” at a particular level at__________, which

Equivalence If equivalence is to be “_________” at a particular level at__________,
level is to be? What are the alternatives?
The answer ____________ the _______ nature of language itself.

Слайд 15

Equivalence

Language is a_______________– a code –which consists of elements which can ___________

Equivalence Language is a_______________– a code –which consists of elements which can
to signal semantic “sense” and, at the same time,
a _____________ system which uses the forms of the _______ to refer to __________ /in the word/and create ___________ which possess communicative “value”.

Слайд 16

Adequacy

The notion of “adequacy” is closely connected with that of______________.
Some

Adequacy The notion of “adequacy” is closely connected with that of______________. Some
scholars __________ these terms and use them as completely ________________ notions.
For example:

Слайд 17

Adequacy

J. Catford’s notion of “translation___________” is treated as “_______________ of translation”.
R. Levitsky

Adequacy J. Catford’s notion of “translation___________” is treated as “_______________ of translation”.
in his article “On the principle of ___________ adequacy of translation”.
V. N. Komissarov, for instance, thinks that ____________ translation” has a _______ meaning and is used as a synonym for “a _______ translation” that guarantees sufficient ______________ communication.

Слайд 18

Adequacy

“Equivalence” is regarded as ……………..
…………….. of the S. and T. language and

Adequacy “Equivalence” is regarded as …………….. …………….. of the S. and T.
……………. units.
Adequate translation- is the translation performed _________________ and necessary to ____________ the information and __________ the __________ of the TL.

Слайд 19

Adequacy

Everything said in one language can be said in another.
We mean

Adequacy Everything said in one language can be said in another. We
by contents not only ………….-……………… contents but all the information inherited in the original message including its ………………. and ……………………… charge and ………………………. peculiarities.

Слайд 20

Adequacy

Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when the ___________of the message

Adequacy Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when the ___________of the message
and its ___________________are expressed by the ______________ways.

Слайд 21

Adequacy

E.g. bird cherry tree – черемуха.
In English it’s only a botanical

Adequacy E.g. bird cherry tree – черемуха. In English it’s only a
term.
In Russian it has different emotional applications – “весна”, “любовь”.
Apart from denoting a botanical tree the word “bird cherry tree” acquired ____________ ______________meaning.

Слайд 22

Adequacy

NB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a _____________ _________________ that exists

Adequacy NB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a _____________ _________________ that
independently upon the____________.
We have the possibility to state that adequate translation may be ___________ and____________.

Слайд 23

Adequacy

e.g. The fresh air revived most of the men and the thought

Adequacy e.g. The fresh air revived most of the men and the
of beer at the nearest pub stimulated sluggish pulses.
The thought of beer – мысль о пиве – equivalent translation;
- Mысль о кружке пива – adequate translation.

Слайд 24

Translation equivalents

Y. Retsker differentiates:
- Absolute equivalents – this is a

Translation equivalents Y. Retsker differentiates: - Absolute equivalents – this is a
case when a SL word is_____________, _________________ and _________________synonymous to a TL word.
E.g. geographical and proper names, technical terms, etc.

Слайд 25

Translation equivalents

- Partial equivalents the range of meaning does not __________in two

Translation equivalents - Partial equivalents the range of meaning does not __________in
languages.
e.g.
differentiation – рука: hand, arm.

Слайд 26

Translation equivalents

Apart from equivalent ______there are _______________ or culture loaded words.
They

Translation equivalents Apart from equivalent ______there are _______________ or culture loaded words.
define________, _________, ________.
e.g. the House of Commons, peerage.
Equivalence is functional ________________ between the source and the target text.

Слайд 27

The levels of equivalence according to V.Komissarov

The first level includes the translation

The levels of equivalence according to V.Komissarov The first level includes the
in which the _________of _______ ____________with ST is the_______________.
e.g. Maybe there is some chemistry between us that does not mix.
Бывает, что люди не сходятся характерами.

Слайд 28

The levels of equivalence

This translation contains information about the ___________ intent of

The levels of equivalence This translation contains information about the ___________ intent
the message and it is called-
1) The purport of communication- general ________ of the message, its________, orientation towards a certain _______________effect.

Слайд 29

The levels of equivalence

The second level of translation shows that most of

The levels of equivalence The second level of translation shows that most
the words or syntactical structures of ST have no _________ ________in TT. But there is a greater ____________of context.
e.g. He answered the phone.
Он снял трубку.

Слайд 30

The levels of equivalence

So here we can find:
1). The purport of______________.
2).

The levels of equivalence So here we can find: 1). The purport
______________of the situation.

Слайд 31

The levels of equivalence

In the third level of translation the __________________ is

The levels of equivalence In the third level of translation the __________________
largely retained.
e.g. Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered.
- От мытья полов у меня портится настроение.

Слайд 32

The levels of equivalence

So in TT there are:
1). The _________of communication.
2). Identification

The levels of equivalence So in TT there are: 1). The _________of
of the____________.
3). The method of its_____________.

Слайд 33

The levels of equivalence

e.g. London saw a cold winter last year.
e.g.You

The levels of equivalence e.g. London saw a cold winter last year.
are not serious?
- В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной .
- Вы шутите?
Two ___________ __________complexes as well as the ___________of describing the situation.

Слайд 34

The levels of equivalence

This means that the translation is a ____________ __________

The levels of equivalence This means that the translation is a ____________
of the original, preserving its basic ______ and allowing their _______ ___________ in the sentence.

Слайд 35

The levels of equivalence

The fourth level of translation consists of ___ meaningful

The levels of equivalence The fourth level of translation consists of ___
components of the ST. They are:
1) The _________of communication.
2) Identification of the____________.
3) The _________ of its description.
4) The _________ of the __________ structures.

Слайд 36

The levels of equivalence

E.g. I don’t see that I need to convince

The levels of equivalence E.g. I don’t see that I need to
you.
- ____________________________
E.g. He was standing with his arms crossed and his bare head bent.
-______________________________

Слайд 37

The levels of equivalence

In the fifth level of translation we can find

The levels of equivalence In the fifth level of translation we can
the ___________________________________
between ST and TT.
e.g. I saw him at the theatre.
-________________________________.
e.g. The house was sold for 10 thousand dollars.
-__________________________________.

Слайд 38

The levels of equivalence

There are 5 levels of equivalence in this TT:
1)

The levels of equivalence There are 5 levels of equivalence in this
The purport of communication.
2) Identification of the situation.
3) The method of description of the situation.
4) The invariant meaning of the syntactical structures.
5) The level of word semantics.

Слайд 39

The levels of equivalence

E.g. the Organization is based on the principle of

The levels of equivalence E.g. the Organization is based on the principle
the sovereign equality of all its Members.
-___________________________
_____________________________
______________.

Слайд 40

The levels of equivalence

The relative identity of the contents of the two

The levels of equivalence The relative identity of the contents of the
texts depends in this case on the __________ to which various components of the __________________ can be rendered in translation without ______________________________
___________________________
information contained in the original.

Слайд 41

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION

Pragmatics is the______________
____________________________.
Pragmatic relations are __________
on ________ relations

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION Pragmatics is the______________ ____________________________. Pragmatic relations are __________
and play an equally important role in ________
the original text and in __________
an ___________text in the TL.

Слайд 42

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION

________________________
do not necessarily mean the ___________ to the source

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION ________________________ do not necessarily mean the ___________ to
and target ____________ and, therefore, are not necessarily _______________________.

Слайд 43

Types of pragmatic relations

Types of pragmatic relations

Слайд 44

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION

NB! The translator should be ______
of the fact whether

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION NB! The translator should be ______ of the
the message is a _____________________________
_____________________________.
Very often the speaker’s ____________ ____________differ from what the message really______.

Слайд 45

The effect of the receptor to the text

All kinds of texts

The effect of the receptor to the text All kinds of texts
were __________
depending upon their ___________ towards different_________________.
1). Texts intended for _____________
_______________:
e.g. local________, local _______, home news.
2). Texts intended for_______________– propaganda, __________ for foreign receptors.

Слайд 46

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION

3). Texts intended ___________for __
_________, but having also a

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION 3). Texts intended ___________for __ _________, but having
___________ human appeal.
4). Texts _____________________
_____________ (technical literature, instruction).

Слайд 47

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION

Typically in written translation translator deals with texts _________________

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION Typically in written translation translator deals with texts
and, therefore, subject to_________________.
Each word or text is able to have certain _______________________ (communicative effect) upon the________.

Слайд 48

The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:

The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:

Слайд 49

Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg

1) the pragmatics of

Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg 1) the pragmatics of
the ST is __________in the____________, when this text is of the ________
___________ both for the reader of the ____and of the _______ (scientific literature);

Слайд 50

Pragmatic relations

2) the pragmatics of the ST is _________ in the translation

Pragmatic relations 2) the pragmatics of the ST is _________ in the
________________ when the ST is created _______________
______________ (different materials for foreign readers);

Слайд 51

Pragmatic relations

3) the pragmatic ___________
is quite ___________ while translating the literature which

Pragmatic relations 3) the pragmatic ___________ is quite ___________ while translating the
is oriented to the ______________
_________________but have sth to say to________________;

Слайд 52

Pragmatic relations

4) the ST is __________ only for the ___________________ and does

Pragmatic relations 4) the ST is __________ only for the ___________________ and
not have ____________
towards the ___________ of the _____________ (governmental acts, political and economic press).
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