EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION

Equivalence
________________________(TE) is the key idea of translation.
Equivalent means equal in_______, amount, _________, etc. (A.S.Hornby)

Equivalence
Equivalence is the central issue in translation.
Its__________,____________, and _______________ within the field of translation theory have caused___________
__________________.
Many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been _________ within this field for the past _______ years.

Equivalence
The most innovative theorists (________ and Darbelnet,__________, Nida and_________ , Catford,_______, and finally Baker) have studied equivalence in relation to the_____________________________, using different approaches.

Equivalence
V.G.Gark and I.N.Levin distinguish the following types of equivalents: formal, _________ and __________.
Formal equivalence
Semantic equivalence.

Equivalence
Formal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases as:
The sun disappeared behind a cloud – солнце скрылось за тучей.
Here we find _________________ ________________in addition to the similarity.

Equivalence
The differences in the ___________ __________are determined by overall _______________________between Russian and English.
The use of articles in English, the use of perfective aspect, gender, forms, etc., in Russian.

Equivalence
Semantic equivalence exists when the _________________ are expressed in the two languages in a way.
Example:- Troops were airlifted to the battlefield-
Bойска были переброшены по воздуху на поле.

Equivalence
The English word “airfield” contains the same meaning as the Russian phrase перебросить по воздуху.
Different _____________________ (in Russian and in English /a word group and a compound word),.

Equivalence
“Situational equivalence”
the description of the_____________.
This description is not necessary_______________________________________.

Equivalence
Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees/ _______ or _____________________/ in respect of different levels of ___________/equivalent in respect of________, of__________, of grammar, of_________, etc./ and at different ranks /__________________________ ___________________________________/.

Equivalence
Languages are _____________ from each other; they are different in ______ having _________ ______and rules regulating the _____________of grammatical __________ of language and these forms have ____________ meanings.
To ______ from one language from another is to _______ the forms.

Equivalence
There is no _________ synonymy between words in the same language.
Something is always lost / or, might one suggest “gained”?/ in __________ and translators can find themselves being __________ of reproducing only part of original and so “_____________” the authors_____________.

Equivalence
If equivalence is to be “_________” at a particular level at__________, which level is to be? What are the alternatives?
The answer ____________ the _______ nature of language itself.

Equivalence
Language is a_______________– a code –which consists of elements which can ___________ to signal semantic “sense” and, at the same time,
a _____________ system which uses the forms of the _______ to refer to __________ /in the word/and create ___________ which possess communicative “value”.

Adequacy
The notion of “adequacy” is closely connected with that of______________.
Some scholars __________ these terms and use them as completely ________________ notions.
For example:

Adequacy
J. Catford’s notion of “translation___________” is treated as “_______________ of translation”.
R. Levitsky in his article “On the principle of ___________ adequacy of translation”.
V. N. Komissarov, for instance, thinks that ____________ translation” has a _______ meaning and is used as a synonym for “a _______ translation” that guarantees sufficient ______________ communication.

Adequacy
“Equivalence” is regarded as ……………..
…………….. of the S. and T. language and ……………. units.
Adequate translation- is the translation performed _________________ and necessary to ____________ the information and __________ the __________ of the TL.

Adequacy
Everything said in one language can be said in another.
We mean by contents not only ………….-……………… contents but all the information inherited in the original message including its ………………. and ……………………… charge and ………………………. peculiarities.

Adequacy
Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when the ___________of the message and its ___________________are expressed by the ______________ways.

Adequacy
E.g. bird cherry tree – черемуха.
In English it’s only a botanical term.
In Russian it has different emotional applications – “весна”, “любовь”.
Apart from denoting a botanical tree the word “bird cherry tree” acquired ____________ ______________meaning.

Adequacy
NB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a _____________ _________________ that exists independently upon the____________.
We have the possibility to state that adequate translation may be ___________ and____________.

Adequacy
e.g. The fresh air revived most of the men and the thought of beer at the nearest pub stimulated sluggish pulses.
The thought of beer – мысль о пиве – equivalent translation;
- Mысль о кружке пива – adequate translation.

Translation equivalents
Y. Retsker differentiates:
- Absolute equivalents – this is a case when a SL word is_____________, _________________ and _________________synonymous to a TL word.
E.g. geographical and proper names, technical terms, etc.

Translation equivalents
- Partial equivalents the range of meaning does not __________in two languages.
e.g.
differentiation – рука: hand, arm.

Translation equivalents
Apart from equivalent ______there are _______________ or culture loaded words.
They define________, _________, ________.
e.g. the House of Commons, peerage.
Equivalence is functional ________________ between the source and the target text.

The levels of equivalence according to V.Komissarov
The first level includes the translation in which the _________of _______ ____________with ST is the_______________.
e.g. Maybe there is some chemistry between us that does not mix.
Бывает, что люди не сходятся характерами.

The levels of equivalence
This translation contains information about the ___________ intent of the message and it is called-
1) The purport of communication- general ________ of the message, its________, orientation towards a certain _______________effect.

The levels of equivalence
The second level of translation shows that most of the words or syntactical structures of ST have no _________ ________in TT. But there is a greater ____________of context.
e.g. He answered the phone.
Он снял трубку.

The levels of equivalence
So here we can find:
1). The purport of______________.
2). ______________of the situation.

The levels of equivalence
In the third level of translation the __________________ is largely retained.
e.g. Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered.
- От мытья полов у меня портится настроение.

The levels of equivalence
So in TT there are:
1). The _________of communication.
2). Identification of the____________.
3). The method of its_____________.

The levels of equivalence
e.g. London saw a cold winter last year.
e.g.You are not serious?
- В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной .
- Вы шутите?
Two ___________ __________complexes as well as the ___________of describing the situation.

The levels of equivalence
This means that the translation is a ____________ __________ of the original, preserving its basic ______ and allowing their _______ ___________ in the sentence.

The levels of equivalence
The fourth level of translation consists of ___ meaningful components of the ST. They are:
1) The _________of communication.
2) Identification of the____________.
3) The _________ of its description.
4) The _________ of the __________ structures.

The levels of equivalence
E.g. I don’t see that I need to convince you.
- ____________________________
E.g. He was standing with his arms crossed and his bare head bent.
-______________________________

The levels of equivalence
In the fifth level of translation we can find the ___________________________________
between ST and TT.
e.g. I saw him at the theatre.
-________________________________.
e.g. The house was sold for 10 thousand dollars.
-__________________________________.

The levels of equivalence
There are 5 levels of equivalence in this TT:
1) The purport of communication.
2) Identification of the situation.
3) The method of description of the situation.
4) The invariant meaning of the syntactical structures.
5) The level of word semantics.

The levels of equivalence
E.g. the Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
-___________________________
_____________________________
______________.

The levels of equivalence
The relative identity of the contents of the two texts depends in this case on the __________ to which various components of the __________________ can be rendered in translation without ______________________________
___________________________
information contained in the original.

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
Pragmatics is the______________
____________________________.
Pragmatic relations are __________
on ________ relations and play an equally important role in ________
the original text and in __________
an ___________text in the TL.

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
________________________
do not necessarily mean the ___________ to the source and target ____________ and, therefore, are not necessarily _______________________.

Types of pragmatic relations

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
NB! The translator should be ______
of the fact whether the message is a _____________________________
_____________________________.
Very often the speaker’s ____________ ____________differ from what the message really______.

The effect of the receptor to the text
All kinds of texts were __________
depending upon their ___________ towards different_________________.
1). Texts intended for _____________
_______________:
e.g. local________, local _______, home news.
2). Texts intended for_______________– propaganda, __________ for foreign receptors.

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
3). Texts intended ___________for __
_________, but having also a ___________ human appeal.
4). Texts _____________________
_____________ (technical literature, instruction).

PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
Typically in written translation translator deals with texts _________________ and, therefore, subject to_________________.
Each word or text is able to have certain _______________________ (communicative effect) upon the________.

The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:

Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg
1) the pragmatics of the ST is __________in the____________, when this text is of the ________
___________ both for the reader of the ____and of the _______ (scientific literature);

Pragmatic relations
2) the pragmatics of the ST is _________ in the translation ________________ when the ST is created _______________
______________ (different materials for foreign readers);

Pragmatic relations
3) the pragmatic ___________
is quite ___________ while translating the literature which is oriented to the ______________
_________________but have sth to say to________________;

Pragmatic relations
4) the ST is __________ only for the ___________________ and does not have ____________
towards the ___________ of the _____________ (governmental acts, political and economic press).