Law Enforcement

Outline
Introduction
Theory
Main Body
A) Drugs
B) Cultivation and production
C) Drug-trafficking in Kazakhstan
D) Legislation
E) Law enforcement efforts
F) Policy Initiatives
G) Ways to solve the problem
Conclusion

Principles of legality
Legality – state and legal general principle acted in all spheres of state and public life – is the main principle of all law branches.

Law enforcement bodies of the RK
Prosecuting Council
State Investigation Committee
Internal Affairs bodies
Bar Association
Presidium
Revision Commission
Juridical Consultations
Notorious

Brief Introduction to Drugs

Conception of Drugs
“Drugs are chemical compounds that modify the way the body and mind work” Alfred Burger

Types of Drugs
STIMULANTS...
DEPRESSANTS...
HALLUCINOGENS...

STIMULANTS...
They increase the activity of the central nervous system
Examples: Alkyl NitritesAlkyl Nitrites, AmphetaminesAlkyl Nitrites, Amphetamines, Anabolic SteroidsAlkyl Nitrites, Amphetamines, Anabolic Steroids, Cocaine & CrackAlkyl Nitrites, Amphetamines, Anabolic Steroids, Cocaine & Crack, CaffeineAlkyl Nitrites, Amphetamines, Anabolic Steroids, Cocaine & Crack, Caffeine, EcstasyAlkyl Nitrites, Amphetamines, Anabolic Steroids, Cocaine & Crack, Caffeine, Ecstasy and Tobacco

DEPRESSANTS...
They reduce the activity of the central nervous system
Examples: AlcoholAlcohol, BarbituratesAlcohol, Barbiturates, BenzodiazepinesAlcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, HeroinAlcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Heroin and Solvents

HALLUCINOGENS...
They alter perceptions of reality and may result in hallucinations
Examples: LSDLSD, CannabisLSD, Cannabis and Magic Mushrooms

Harm Rating

Cultivation and production
Cultivation of opium poppy, cannabis, and ephedra is illegal in Kazakhstan, but cultivation of all three continues. MVD officials report that seventy percent of all illicit opium poppy is grown in southern
Kazakhstan

Chu valley
Domestic production of illicit drugs in Kazakhstan consists primarily of cannabis products from the Chu Valley. Chu valley marijuana and hashish is regarded in Russian markets as a high quality product.
Small amounts are grown in the
Almaty city
region, Kyzl-Orda and south
Kazakhstan districts.

The Chymkent pharmaceutical factory, the only such plant in the NIS, has the capability to produce five to eight types of opiates for legal use, including morphine, codeine, promedol, thebaine, and ethyl-morphine.

Morphine

Codeine

Promedol & Thebaine

Ethyl-morphine

Drug-trafficking
The illegal drug trade is a global black market consisting of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs.
12,298 drug-related crimes (September 1996)
138,000 hectares of cannabis and also a considerable amount of ephedrine grow wild in Kazakhstan's southern Chu Valley

Kazakhstan as a major transit route
UNODCCP – United Nations Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention
NGO – Non-governmental Organization
1988 UN Drug Convention

ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И НРАВСТВЕННОСТИ
Статья 259. Незаконные изготовление, переработка, приобретение, хранение, перевозка, пересылка либо сбыт наркотических средств или психотропных веществ
1. Незаконные приобретение, перевозка или хранение без цели сбыта наркотических средств или психотропных веществ в крупном размере -
наказываются штрафом в размере от десяти до двухсот сорока часов, либо тысяч месячных расчетных показателей, либо привлечением к общественным работам на срок от шестидесяти исправительными работами до двух лет, либо лишением свободы до трех лет.

Legislation
Закон Республики Казахстан от 10 июля 1998 года № 279-I
О наркотических средствах, психотропных веществах, прекурсорах и мерах противодействия их незаконному обороту и злоупотреблению ими
(с изменениями и дополнениями по состоянию на 29.12.2006 г.)
“Правоохранительные системы по сбору, анализу и обмену оперативной и иной информацией в сфере борьбы с наркотиками” adopted by UN to Central Asian counties

Methods of law implementation
Policy Initiatives
Law Enforcement Efforts
Agreements and Treaties
Domestic Programs

Law enforcement efforts
In October 2006, Almaty city KNB Department burned 67 kg of heroin and 217 kg of opium in front of TV cameras. According to Kazakh authorities, the packages of heroin were stamped with a sign "999" showing that it was produced in Afghanistan and was of the highest quality.
a senior officer of the Department of Internal Affairs (DVD) of Zhambulskaya oblast (southern Kazakhstan) was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The officer, a police major, dealt drugs; he used his position to charge drug addicts a price three times higher than the street rate. One drug addict who had to pay 4,000 tenge ($32) for 1.5 grams of heroin reported the Major to the KNB.

Law enforcement efforts
In the first 10 months of 2006, the KNB detected and eliminated 20 international drug distribution and transit networks and 8 criminal rings, instituted criminal proceedings against 135 people, and claimed to have seized over 800 kg of opium and heroin.

Law enforcement efforts
From September 21 to October 1, MVD officers detected 577 incidents of drug use, seized over two tons of drug substances (including 4 kg of heroin), and discovered 154 drug sales.

Policy Initiatives
Major Stumbling Blocks to an effective counter narcotics campaign:
Poor coordination among GOK law enforcement agencies
Absence of a national drug strategy
Inadequate funding
Lack of equipment

In January 1996, GOK created a State Drug Enforcement Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, to establish national drug policy and coordinate drug enforcement.
In recognition of this deficiency, The deputy Prime Minister has proposed that the GOK establishes and funds a new agency for implementing a national drug policy.

Ways to solve the problem
Local approach
concentrated on drug trafficking only in the narrow meaning.
Western approach
criminalisation
corruption
social aspects as part of the whole

Actions need to take against corruption
salaries of law enforcement bodies
of the people responsible for controlling drugs.
implement anti-drugs programmes and strategies along with the law enforcement agencies

In conclusion it can be said that the proportion of seized drug and their use shows that the government has not yet won the war against drug related corruption. A conclusion presents itself: it is impossible to expect any changes in combating drug trafficking until there is a reliable covering force in place against drug-related corruption.
CONCLUSION

Registered drug-related crimes in the RK(2008)

Illegal turnover of drugs

Persons put on medical list as drug users in the RK (2008)

Heroin use in the RK (2007, 2008)