Lifting and rigging OPERATIONS Instructor Andy Bruce

Instructor
Andy Bruce

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Target Audience:-
This 3 day course is intended for all categories of personnel
involved in slinging and lifting operations.
To ensure delegates have an understanding of the legal
requirements pertaining to hoisting and lifting operations, the
practical ability and skills necessary to direct crane operations using
both British standard hand signals and radio communications, the
requirements for pre-use inspection and discard criteria of lifting
equipment, the safe working procedures for slinging operations and
to ensure delegates can use lifting equipment safely and effectively.
AIMS:-

SAFETY
MUSTER POINT
FIRST AID
MINIMUM PPE TO BE WORN
QUARRY EDGES, ETC.
COLOUR CODE
MEAL BREAKS ETC.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
COURSE TIMES
0830 > 1700.
ALARMS

Content:-
Legislation
Regulations
H S E Guidance
Basic Crane Appreciation
Pre- use examination of lifting equipment
Inspection of lifting equipment
Slinging of various loads
Safe operating procedures
Weight estimation
Load stability
Wire rope safety, inspection and care
Safe slinging principles
British standard hand signals
Radio communication

L O L E R
Reg`s Cont`d
6. Every employer shall reduce to as low as possible.
The load from striking people.
Load drifting.
Falling.
Being released unintentionally.
7. Every employer shall ensure that
I.e. equipment for lifting people is clearly marked.
8. Properly planned
Properly supervised
Carried out in a safe manner

L O L E R
Loler regulations
1. Came into effect 5th Dec 1998.
From this date holders must comply with all the all duty
requirements.
5. Lifting equipment for lifting persons.
2. Defining the terms etc.
I E. 1974 act means the Health and safety at work act 1974.
3. To whom and where.
Ships Merchant Shipping.
Slips Trips And Falls.
Risk Assessment.
4. Calls upon the employer to ensure that the strength and
stability are adequate.

L O L E R
Reg`s Cont`d
11. Keeping of information.
9. Thorough examination and inspection.
Lifting persons every 6 months.
Accessories lifting gear slings hooks shackles 6 months.
Lifting equipment, mechanical device capable of raising
or lowering a load 12 months.
10. Report and defects.

LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK etc 1974.
MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH&SAFETY AT WORK
REGULATIONS 1992.
LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT
REGULATIONS 1998.
PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT
REGULATIONS 1992 (AMENDED 1998).
MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS 1992.
1

LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK etc ACT 1974
EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITIES
- It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure,as far as is
reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work
of all his employees.
EMPLOYEES RESPONSIBILITIES
- To take reasonable care for the health and safety of themselves
and others who may be affected by their acts or omissions.
- They must co-operate with their employers as far as is necessary
to enable that duty or requirement to be performed or complied
with.
- No person shall intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse
any equipment provided in the interest of health,safety or welfare.
2

3
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regs 1992
Requires employers and self employed persons to assess the risks
to workers and any others who may be affected by their undertaking
Employers with five or more employees must also record the
significant findings of that assessment
Assessment should be reviewed and if necessary modified when the
nature of the work or the physical conditions of the work place
changes.
Suitable and sufficient risk assessments should -
- be carried out by a competent person
- ensure that all relevant risks or hazards are addressed
- determine the likelihood of injury or harm arising
- take into account any existing control measures.

LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regs 1992 cont`d
4
Identify the measures that employers must
take in order to comply with their duties under
the applicable health and safety legislation.
Generic or “model”risk assessments are
acceptable where similar activities are being
under taken in similar places of work.

5
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992
Every employer shall:-
Ensure that work equipment is so constructed or adapted as to be
suitable for the purpose for which it is used or provided.
The suitability of work equipment should be addressed from three
aspects.
- it’s initial integrity,- the place where it will be used,- the purpose
for which it will be used.
In selecting work equipment every employer shall have regard to
the working conditions and to the risks to the health and safety of
persons which exist in the premises or undertaking in which the
work equipment is to be used.

6
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992 cont`d
“suitable” means that it must be suitable by design,
construction or adaptation for the work it is provided
to do and suitable in every respect which it is reasonably
foreseeable will affect the safety and health of any person.
Risk assessments carried out under the MHSWR will help
employers to select work equipment and assess it’s suitability
for particular tasks.
Every employer shall ensure:-
That work equipment is maintained in an efficient state,in
efficient working order and in good repair,and the where there is
a maintenance log it is kept up to date.

7
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
The use of work equipment is restricted to those persons given the
task of using it.
That all persons who use or supervise the work equipment have
available to them adequate health and safety information and where
appropriate written instructions pertaining to its use.
That all persons who use work equipment have received
adequate training in the methods which may be adopted when
using the work equipment, any risks which are entailed and
precautions to be taken
That effective measures are taken to prevent contact with
dangerous parts of machinery,this includes measures at four
levels-fixed
enclosing guards,other guards or protection devices,protection
appliances and the provision of information.
Provision And Use Of Work Equipment Regs 1992 cont`d

8
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Manual Handling Operations Regs 1992
Manual handling operations-means any transporting or supporting
of a load by hand or bodily force -I.e. lifting, pulling, pushing,
carrying, putting down or moving thereof by hand or bodily force.
They refer to the manual handling of loads by human effort as
opposed to mechanical handling by a crane or other such equipment.
A load in this context must be a discrete moveable object but does
not include an implement, tool or machine while in use.
The reg`s seek to prevent injury to any part of the body and as such
account should be taken of physical properties which may effect
grip or cause direct injury.
Each employer shall so far as is reasonably practicable,avoid the
need for his employee to undertake any manual handling at work.

9
LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
Manual Handling Operations Regs 1992 cont`d
Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid the need for the
employee to under take manual handling which involves the risk
of injury,the employer shall make a suitable and sufficient
assessment of all such manual handling operations.
The assessment should be carried out by a competent person and
shall take into account the task,load,and working environment.
Properly based generic assessments are acceptable if they draw
draw together common threads from a range of broadly similar
manual handling operations.
Manual handling assessment findings must be recorded.

LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
10
Lifting Operations And Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Regulation.1- Citation and commencement-lays out scope and
timing.
Regulation.2- Interpretation -Definitions
Regulation.3- Application-Details where and to whom the
regulations apply.
Regulation.4- Strength and stability-Calls upon the employer
to ensure that the strength and stability of
lifting equipment is adequate for use.
Regulation.5- Takes precedence over all other LOLER reg`s
when lifting of persons is to be carried out.
Regulation.6- Positioning and installation of equipment to
minimise risk.

LIFTING OPERATIONS
APPLICABLE LEGISLATION
11
Lifting Operations And Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cont`d
Regulation. 7-Marking of equipment to reflect SWL.
Regulation. 8-Organisation of lifting operations to reflect operational
safety,adequate supervision and planning.
Regulation. 9-Thorough examination and inspection to ensure valid
certification,proper manufacture and fitness for use.
Regulation.10-Reports and defects places a duty on the examiner to
provide a report of examination to employer and HSE
in certain circumstances.
Regulation.11-Keeping of information to ensure that initial
conformity certificates and examination reports
follow a piece of equipment.
Schedule.1- Information for report of thorough examination contains
a list of key information which must be recorded.

_____________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

________________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

____________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

____________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

______________

____________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________ TRAINING PRESENTATION

TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
1. Do everything possible to ensure the safety of personnel
and equipment.
2. Be familiar with the crane working range,load radius and
boom angle.
3. Know and understand appropriate safe slinging principles.
4. Inspect lifting accessories each time before use.
5. Know the weight of the load and the slinging methodology.
6. Be able to select the correct equipment for the job in hand.
7. Be aware of obstructions and hazards within operating range.
8. Know and understand the method of banksman hand signals.
9. Give clear and precise hand signals.
10. Use correct protocol during radio communication.

GUIDELINES FOR
SLINGER/BANKSMAN
11. Warn personnel in the area of the movement of the load.
12. Never lift a load over personnel.
13. Never stand beneath a load or allow other personnel to do so.
14. Ensure hands are clear from lifting gear prior to lifting loads.
15. Always ensure an escape route is available prior to lifting loads.
16. Always use tag lines especially for awkward loads.
17. Ensure a minimum of 3 personnel is deployed for each lifting
operation. I.E. Crane operator,Banksman and slinger.
18. If anything out of the ordinary occurs - STOP and CHECK.
19. Be aware of potential snagging points in the vicinity of the load
whilst hoisting/lowering in restricted areas.
20. Be aware of wind speed and direction which could affect the
lifting operation.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL FOR THE USE OF
TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Call signs should be set up and adhered to.
Call signs must be used at all times in order to establish the
authenticity of commands or directions.
At the end of an instruction or enquiry,the transmitting operator
should indicate the end of the message by the command ‘over’.
The receiving operator should indicate understanding of the
dialogue by the response “roger”.
Under no circumstances should the transmitting operator assume
understanding without the acknowledgement I.E. “roger”.
If any dubiety exists regarding the message, the receiving operator
must not acknowledge but repeat the message as he understands it
and ask for confirmation, or simply request the transmitting operator
to repeat.

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL FOR THE USE OF
TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
At the close of communications the transmitting operator
should indicate the end on transmission by the command
“over and out”.
Bearing in mind the broadcasting legislation, under no
circumstances should profane language be used while transmitting.
Bearing in mind that these radios are transmitting at a high output,
should the antenna ever become damaged exposing the central
core, the antenna must be immediately replaced in order to
maintain not only optimum performance but to ensure user safety.

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE USE OF TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
The Crane Operator and Banksman should establish a clear
understanding and line of communication prior to the
commencement of any lifting operation. Radio messages should
reflect work requirements only. General conversation should
not be carried out over the air waves.
Always ensure that you fully depress the transmission button before
speaking into the microphone. Speak clearly at all times. Do not
release the button until a few seconds after completing your message.

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE USE OF TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
When banking the crane ensure that any accompanying colleagues’
radios are switched off. When more than one radio is switched on
in close proximity, it is inevitable that interference and/or distortion
of the signal will take place when an instruction is transmitted.
When you have established a clear line of communication with the
crane operator ensure that if you move position you re-establish
that he is still receiving your message clearly.
During high winds ensure that the area of the microphone you speak
into is not exposed to direct contact with the wind. Otherwise the
background noise created may distort the transmission.

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE USE OF TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
During ‘blind’ lifts where the load is being hoisted or lowered for a
long time (eg shaft/leg work) do not maintain the transmission
button in the depressed position for the duration of the lift. Likewise
do not give an instruction at the commencement of the lift and then
cease communication until the lift has almost reached its destination.
Give the initial instruction and then talk to the Crane Operator every
10-15 ft to reassure him that your line of communication is still
active and that you are maintaining control of the lift.

CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLING CRANE OPERATIONS
BY TWO WAY RADIO COMMUNICATION
Ensure the radio microphone is not exposed to rain. If a plastic
carrying case offering full protection of the radio is not available,
a simple precautionary measure such as a small plastic bag or a piece
of cling film around the microphone will ensure it is maintained in a
dry condition.
Do not carry radios in pockets. Always ensure they are carried in
protective holsters attached to the body by either should lanyard or
waist belt, quite apart from maintaining the integrity of the radio this
measure will also ensure that you are not exposing other personnel
to danger should the radio be dislodged from your pocket or dropped
from hand when working at height or climbing ladders.

TRAINING PRESENTATION
CRANES AND BOOM TYPES
CRAWLER MOUNTED LATTICE (STRUT) BOOM
TRUCK MOUNTED TELESCOPIC
PEDESTAL MOUNTED FIXED BOX
PEDESTAL MOUNTED LATTICE (STRUT) BOOM

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

STABILITY
STABILITY BASE CRAWLER CRANE
CENTRE OF GRAVITY NO LOAD
WITHOUT
OUTRIGGERS
WITH
OUTRIGGERS
_____________________________________

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
STABILITY
SAFE LOAD - CENTRE OF GRAVITY SUPPORTED
OVER LOAD - CENTRE OF GRAVITY UNSUPPORTED
CRANE MUST TIP

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
RADIUS MEASUREMENT
ROTATION
BOOM
FOOT
PINS

Angle Boom
Boom Angle
The angle from the horizontal (0°) at which the boom rests.
0°

Boom Sections
A crane boom is usually in two sections: Upper and Lower. It may be lengthened by the insertion of one or more intermediate sections.
UPPER SECTION
LOWER
SECTION
INTERMEDIATE’S

Fly Jib
An extension fitted to the main boom/jib over which a secondary hoist system is fitted.( Usually has its own suspension ropes. Also called Auxiliary Jib

Outrigger Auxiliary equipment for extending the effective base of a crane to increase its stability.

Radius of Load /Operating Radius:
The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation to a vertical line measured through the suspension point of a load on the hook.
Tail swing or Tail: Radius The distance from centre of rotation to furthermost point of rear of machine.
RADIUS

Mobile crawler

Mobile (Truck Mounted) Telescopic

Lattice boom

Articulated (knuckle-boom)

Fixed Box

GLOBAL DYNAMICS
The effect of global dynamics will be
significantly influenced by parameters such as:-
The environmental conditions
Rigging arrangement
Type of crane vessel
Stiffness of crane boom and lifting appliances
Type of cargo vessel
Weight of lifted object
Lifting procedures

CRANE
MOVEMENT
VESSEL MOVEMENT
NO LOAD
15
12
9
5
LOAD TONS
SHOCK LOADING
EFFECTS OF SHOCK LOAD ON CRANE.(ILLUSTRATION ONLY)
TIME
TIME DEPENDS ON BOOM LENGTH AND ANGLE.
GRAPH SHOWS THE EFFECT OF A 5 TON LOAD COMING ONTO THE CRANE
AT A SPEED OF APPROXIMATELY 2 METRES PER SECOND.
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
ESTIMATION OF WEIGHT

8 ft
10 ft
20 ft
WEIGHT ESTIMATION
½ THICK STEEL
½ FULL OF FRESH WATER
WEIGHT OF CONTAINER
WEIGHT OF WATER
20 X 8 = 160
20 X 10 = 200
10 X 8 = 80
440
X 2 (Sides) 880 ▫FT
X 20 Lbs 17600 lbs Dead wt
(L x B x H) 20 x 10 x 8
= 1600 ▫ft
÷ 2 = 800 ▫ft
X 62 lbs = 49600 lbs
17600 lbs
67200 lbs
+ 25% = 16800 lbs
Total Est weight: 84000 lbs
# REMEMBER TO ADD 25% TO TOTAL

END
OF
DAY ONE

WIRE ROPES

WIRE ROPE
CONSTRUCTION
Strand
Wire
Core
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

Generally speaking,
all ropes nowadays are
PREFORMED
in manufacture and there are a great many different rope constructions, each one having its own particular use.

There are three main things to observe when examining the construction:
(a) Number of wires in each strand
(b) Number of strands in the rope
(c) Direction in which wires and strands lay (spiral) in the rope
CORE
The core of a wire rope can be
Fibre (FC),
Wire Steel (WSC),
or an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC)
STRANDS Depend on classification of Rope but usually consists of Wires spiralling around a Central Core Wire

WIRE ROPE LAYS
(b) LANGS lAY
(a) Regular Lay/
Ordinary lay
WIRE ROPE LAYS
THIS TERM HAS THREE MEANINGS.
(1) TO DESCRIBE THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION
OF THE INDIVIDUAL WIRES AND STRANDS.
(A) REGULAR/ORDINARY LAY IS THE TERM USED
WHEN THE WIRES ARE SPUN IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION TO THE STRANDS IN THE ROPE. THE
VISIBLE WIRES ARE PARALLEL TO THE ROPE
AXIS. THIS LAY OFFERS GREATER RESISTANCE
TO CRUSHING ON DRUMS THAN LANG`S LAY.
THIS LAY SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED ON A SINGLE FALL
OR WHEN ONE END OF THE ROPE IS FREE TO ROTATE.
(B) LANG`S LAY IS THE TERM USED WHEN THE WIRES IN
EACH STRAND ARE SPUN IN THE SAME DIRECTION AS
THE STRANDS OF THE ROPE.THE VISIBLE WIRES ARE AT
AN ANGLE TO THE ROPE AXIS ARE MUCH LONGER.
LENGTH`S OF INDIVIDUAL WIRES ARE EXPOSED. ROPES
MANUFACTURED WITH THIS LAY ARE SLIGHTLY MORE
FLEXIBLE AND OFFER GREATER RESISTANCE TO
ABRASION THAN REGULAR/ORDINARY LAY. ONLY
APPLICATIONS WHERE BOTH ENDS ARE FIXED, ARE
SUITABLE FOR LANG`S LAY ROPES. THESE ROPES
SHOULD NEVER BE ATTACHED TO A SWIVEL TYPE
FITTING.
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

WIRE ROPE LAYS
(b) LANGS lAY
(a) Regular Lay/
Ordinary lay
WIRE ROPE LAYS CONT`D
(2) TO DEFINE THE MEASUREMENT OF A “LAY LENGTH” THE
LENGTH OF ONE COMPLETE REVOLUTION OF A STRAND
AROUND THE LONGITUDINAL AXLE OF THE ROPE. THIS
CAN BE INFLUENCED BY THE ROPE’S APPLICATION.
(3) HOW THE WIRES ARE LAID UP IN EACH STRAND - I.E.
CROSS LAID OR EQUAL LAID.
A WIRE ROPE IS DESCRIBED AS EQUAL LAID WHEN
ALL THE WIRES IN A STRAND HAVE THE SAME PITCH
OR LENGTH OF LAY. THEREFORE EACH WIRE IN EACH
LAYER LIES EITHER IN A BED FORMED BY THE `VALLEYS`
BETWEEN THE WIRES OF AN UNDER LAYER OR
ALTERNATIVELY ALONG THE CROWN OF AN UNDER
LYING WIRE.
TWO CRITICAL POINTS OF INTERNAL WEAR IN A
WIRE ROPE ARE ELIMINATED IN AN EQUAL LAY
ROPE- LOCALISED CRUSHING AND CROSS NICKED
(SECONDARY BENDING). EQUAL LAID ROPES HAVEA
HIGHER BREAKING LOAD THAN THOSE OF CROSS LAID
CONSTRUCTION.
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

FACTORS OF SAFETY
NOTE:>Equipment used for personnel lifting
appliances,E.G. personnel work baskets,
carriers etc,
Have a minimum safety factor of 10:1
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
General purpose wire rope slings > 5:1
Polyester slings > 7:1
Alloy steel shackles > 6:1
Chain slings (Grade 80) > 4:1
Running wire ropes > 5:1
Eyebolts > 5:1
Open wedge sockets (UK) > 5:1

WIRE ROPE REJECTION CRITERIA
Consider which regulations apply to your work location and apply
the relevant criteria as applicable.
Recognise the removal criteria. - 9 points to consider
(BRITISH STANDARDS)
1. Number,nature,type and position of visible broken wires in a
length equal to 10 times the rope diameter a maximum 5% of total
number of wires in the rope.
2. Local groups of visible broken wires-a maximum of 3 in one or
adjacent strand.
3. Deterioration in the vicinity of the termination or terminal damage
any wire breaks within 6mm of the termination.
4. Core deterioration-abrupt loss in diameter.
5. Wear-Maximum reduction in diameter-10% from nominal diameter.
(6&8 strand) (3%from nominal -Multistrand).
6. Internal corrosion - reject rope if internal corrosion is confirmed.
7. External corrosion - corrosion causes very high losses in rope breaking
load.Reject rope if corrosion causes wire slackness.
8. Deformations.
9. Thermal damage.
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
. MULTI LEG SLINGS
Two Leg
Three Leg
Four Leg
. DISCARD CRITERIA
- Random broken wires in one lay length not to exceed 6.
- Number of broken wires in one strand over one lay length
not to exceed 3.
- Number of broken wires in ten diameters not to exceed
5% of total.
- No broken wires permitted where rope enters termination.
- Wear must not exceed 10% of the original diameter in a 6
strand rope and 3% in a multi strand rope.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
TYPICAL SLING
CONFIGURATIONS
SINGLE LEG
ENDLESS
DOUBLE LEG
WITH CLUTCHES
THREE LEGS
FOUR LEG
BARREL SLING
WITH CLUTCHES
WHERE THE SLINGS ARE TO BE FITTED WITH HOOKS,THE DESIRED TYPE FOR SAFETY IS THE BK TYPE.
CHAIN SLINGS FITTED WITH SHORTENING CLUTCHES ARE IDEAL FOR LIFTING LOADS WITH AN OFFSET
CENTRE OF GRAVITY AS THE LEG LENGTH CAN BE ADJUSTED TO POSITION THE LIFTING RING
DIRECTLY OVER THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY.THIS ALLOWS THE LOAD TO BE LIFTED LEVEL

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
THE SAFE USE OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
WIRE ROPE SLINGS ARE GENERALLY MANUFACTURED FROM
WIRE WITH A TENSILE STRENGTH OF 180 KG/MM2 (KNOWN AS 180 GRADE).
TERMINATIONS BEING FORMED BY MECHANICAL SPLICING COMMONLY KNOWN AS TALURITS
OR FERRULES. THE EYES OF THE SLING CAN BE FITTED WITH OR WITHOUT THIMBLES
ACCORDING TO IT`S PURPOSE. FOR GENERAL USE , SOFT EYE SUPERLOOP SLINGS
ARE PREFERRED. THE EYES OF WHICH ARE CONSTRUCTED BY SPLICING THE WIRE AND
PRESSING ON A STEEL FERRULE TO SECURE THE SPLICE.(ALSO KNOWN AS FLEMISH EYES).
TRANSIT SLINGS ARE MANUFACTURED USING STANDARD TALURIT FITTINGS.
WIRE ROPE SLINGS ARE BY FAR THE MOST COMMONLY USED AS THEY ARE VERSATILE AND
COMPARITAVELY LIGHTWEIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR STRENGTH.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SLING ANGLES
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
0.5 te each sling
0.53 te each sling
0.58 te each sling
0.7 te each sling
1.0 te each sling
1.0 Tonne
The SWL of a pair of single slings decreases as the angle between them
increases.
0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2
30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.966
60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.866
90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.707
120°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2 x 0.5
0°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 2
30°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.93
60°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.73
90°-SWL=SWL of one sling x 1.414
120°-SWL=SWL of one sling only.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
W X L
No X H

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
EYEBOLTS-(BS 4278)
COLLAR EYEBOLT
DYNAMO EYEBOLT
EYEBOLT
WITH LINK
SHOULD BE USED FOR
VERTICAL LIFTS
OR Oº ONLY
INTENDED FOR
GENERAL LIFTING
ARE INTENDED FOR PERMANENT
ATTACHMENT TO HEAVY PIECES
OF EQUIPMENT AND ARE USUALLY
FITTED IN PAIRS

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
EYEBOLTS
DYNAMO
COLLAR
COLLAR WITH LINK
.
SAME PLANE
CORRECT
AGAINST PLANE
INCORRECT
SHIM TO CORRECT
ORIENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
CORRECT/INCORRECT METHOD
OF SLINGING WHEN USING
PAIRS OF SLINGS
NOTE:- INCREASE IN LOAD ON EYEBOLT WITH
INCORRECT METHOD OF SLINGING.

SINGLE VERTICAL
LIFT
0º ONLY
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
DYNAMO EYEBOLT

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
EYEBOLT CHART
RECOMMENDED
S.W.L. LOADS

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SHACKLES
PRE - USE INSPECTION
Select correct type shackle for the job in hand.
Check the safe working load of the shackle
before use - no SWL - quarantine .
Check shackle pin for excessive wear-if wear
is 1/10th or more of original diameter quarantine.
Make sure the pin is free-but not loose in the tapped
hole(s) of the shackle.
Threads on pin and shackle should be undamaged
and without appreciable wear.
Ensure the shackle is correctly colour coded.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SHACKLES
PRE - USE INSPECTION
(CONT`D)
Check alignment of pin holes - the untapped hole
should not be worn or oversized.
Only properly fitted pins shall be used in shackles.
Home made or modified shackles must never be
used.
Check jaws and pin of shackle for distortion.
Check body of shackle for pitting,cracks or
corrosion.
To test shackle suspend and tap lightly with a hammer
or the shackle pin - ”SOUND” shackles should have a
“clear” ring or “ping”

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SAFE WORKING LOADS OF ALLOY SHACKLES
(U.S.FEDERAL SPEC.)
ANCHOR SHACKLE
WITH SCREW PIN
SAFETY ANCHOR
BOW TYPE
CHAIN SHACKLE
SCREW PIN
SAFETY CHAIN
BOW TYPE
DIA BOW DIA PIN INSIDE CHAIN ANCHOR SWL WIDTH
MM MM WIDTH TYPE TYPE OF BOW
MM MM MM MM
13 16 22 43 51 2.0t 32
16 19 26 51 64 3.25t 43
19 22 31 59 76 4.75t 51
22 26 36 73 83 6.5t 58
26 28 43 85 95 8.5t 68
28 32 47 90 106 9.5t 75
32 35 51 94 115 12.5t 83
35 38 57 115 133 13.5t 92
38 42 60 127 146 17.0t 99
45 52 74 149 178 25.0t 126
52 58 83 171 197 35.0t 146
64 70 105 203 254 55.0t 185
76 82 127 230 330 85.0t 190
90 96 146 267 381 120.0t 238

END
OF
DAY TWO

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SUBSTANCES

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SAFE WORKING LOADS OF
MAN-MADE FIBRE SLINGS
VERTICAL
CHOKER
BASKET
BASKET 90°
BASKET 120°
CAPACITIES
ROUND SLINGS

PLATE CLAMPS
TWO BASIC TYPES
AVAILABLE
Horizontal clamps can only be used in pairs.
Universal clamps can be used individually.
When using Universal clamps in pairs
you must use a spreader beam.
Locking
mechanism
Plate
Horizontal clamps
Universal clamps
(vertical)
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

WIRE ROPE HOISTS
STANDARD ROPE HOIST
TWO TYPES OF APPLICATION
- LIFTING APPLICATION
- PULLING APPLICATION
CAPACITY OF HOISTS DEPENDING
ON APPLICATION
S W L (LIFTING) S W L (PULLING)
800KG 1200KG
1600KG 2500KG
3200KG 5000KG
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
SWL OF TURNBUCKLES/
RIGGING SCREWS
BS 4429
DIA (mm) SWL
10 300KG 12 500KG
16 750KG
20 1.25t
22 2.0t
27 3.0t
30 4.0t
33 5.0t
39 6.0t
42 7.5t
48 10.0t
56 15.0t
64 20.0t
72 25.0t
76 30.0t
85 40.0t
100 50.0t
U.S. FED. SPEC
DIA (ins) WLL
3/8 545KG
1/2 1.00t
5/8 1.59t
3/4 2.36t
7/8 3.27t
1 4.55t
1 1/4 6.90t
1 1/2 9.73t
1 3/4 12.13t
2 16.82t
2 1/2 27.27t
2 3/4 34.09t

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
WIRE ROPE CLIPS
(BULLDOGS)

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
LINE SPEED AND LINE PULL
ROOT DIAMETER
FIRST LAYER
DIAMETER
LAST LAYER
NEVER EXCEED THE RATED LINE PULL OF A WINCH. THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT
WITH PLATFORM AND RIG CRANES WHICH USE LONG ROPES. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT A
LOAD MAY BE LIFTED FROM A SUPPLY VESSEL, BUT CANNOT BE LIFTED TO DECK
LEVEL. IF A CRANE HAS A TWO SPEED LIFTING SYSTEM, IT WILL USUALLY HAVE
DIFFERENT CAPACITIES IN HIGH AND LOW SPEEDS.
HOOK AT LOW POINT
ROPE OFF WINCH
SMALLER DIAMETER
LINE SPEED SLOWER
LINE PULL HIGHER
HOOK AT HIGH POINT
ROPE ON WINCH
LARGER DIAMETER
LINE SPEED FASTER
LINE PULL LESS
THE SAME PRINCIPLE APPLIES TO BOOM HOIST WINCH
TYPICAL HYDRAULIC CRANE HOIST WINCH
SINGLE LINE PERFORMANCE
LAYER OF ROPE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LINE PULL TONS
7.95
7.16
6.51
5.96
5.50
5.11
4.75
4.47
LINE SPEED FT PER MIN
117
197
216
236
256
275
295
315

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
REEVING
WINCH WITH SINGLE LINE PULL OF 4 TONS
ONE SHEAVE
SINGLE PART
LINE
TWO SHEAVES
2 PART LINE
LOAD=LINE PULL + THE NUMBER OF PARTS OF LINE
THREE SHEAVES
3 PART LINE
SIX SHEAVES
6 PART LINE
HOOK SPEED=LINE SPEED DIVIDED BY PARTS OF LINE

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
Angle
of fleet
The fleet angle is the angle formed
between a line drawn from the centre
of the pulley to the centre of the drum,
and a line from the centre of the pulley
to the inside edge of the drum flange.
This angle should not exceed 1.5°in
the case of smooth drums,and 2°for
grooved drums to ensure the minimum
amount of side wear of rope against the
adjacent warp in the case of smooth
faced drums,and against the side of the
grooves on grooved drums.
A safe angle can be obtained by allowing
at least 24ft(7.3m) of lead for each 2ft
(0.7m)of drum width when the lead
pulley is mounted on the centre line of
the drum.
FLEET ANGLES

ROPE BLOCKS
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
Load on anchorage
1 tonne
Load on anchorage
2 tonne
Load on anchorage
Effort+1 tonne
=1.33tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
1 tonne
Effort or pull
=1 tonne
Effort or pull
=0.33 tonnes
Load supported by 3
falls of rope.
Load on each fall
=1/3=0.33 tonnes
Where excessive manual effort is likely to be necessary,and other means are not
available,rope blocks may be used in conjunction with a power winch to carry out
a lifting operation.The pull required at the winch is determined by the reeving
arrangements as shown below.
A weight of 1 tonne suspended from a hook subjects the hook to a load of one tonne
only.(see fig 1)
If a rope passes through a block suspended from a hook (see fig 2) the rope supports
the tonne weight on one side of the pulley and there is an equal pull of one tonne on
the other side.The block is subjected to both the weight and the pull (effort) I.e. a
total of 2 tonnes.
If a tackle consisting of a double and single block reeved together is used to support
1 tonne(see fig 3) the load is equally distributed over the three falls: I.e. the tension in
each fall =0.33tonnes. Since the tension on the operating rope must equal the tension
in each fall,the effort required to raise the load will also be0.33tonnes.It can be said
that if more falls are used,the rope tension and effort required to raise the load will
be reduced.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
ROPE BLOCKS
CONT`D
HOWEVER,IN CALCULATING THE EFFORT REQUIRED TO LIFT THE LOAD AND THE
LOAD APPLIED AT THE ANCHORAGE,AN ALLOWANCE MUST BE MADE FOR FRICTION.
IT HAS BEEN FOUND BY EXPERIMENT THAT IF 10%OF THE LOAD IS ADDED FOR EACH
SHEAVE USED,THIS WILL ADEQUATELY COMPENSATE FOR THE WEIGHT OF THE
TACKLE USED AND THE FRICTION IN THE SHEAVES.THE TOTAL LOAD ON THE
SUPPORT MAY BE CALCULATED BY ADDING A 10th OF THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD
BEING LIFTED AND THE EFFORT ON THE OPERATING ROPE TO THE LOAD.
LOAD TO BE LIFTED = = = = 1.0 TONNE
ALLOWANCE = 1/10 OF LOAD FOR EACH OF 4 SHEAVES
= 1/10 OF 1 TONNE X 4
= 0.1 X 4 = = = = 0.4 TONNES
LOAD PLUS ALLOWANCE = = = 1.4 TONNES
EFFORT = LOAD PLUS ALLOWANCE DIVIDED BY NUMBER
OF RETURNS = 1.4 TONNES DIVIDED BY 4 = = 0.35 TONNES
WEIGHT ON SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
= LOAD + ALLOWANCE + EFFORT = = 1.75 TONNES
1 TONNE
EFFORT
OR
LINE PULL
4 X RETURNS

TABLE LOADINGS
ARRANGEMENT
SINGLE
2 SINGLE
DOUBLE AND
SINGLE
2 DOUBLE
2 TREBLE
DOUBLE AND
TREBLE
THE FIGURE AGAINST
THE BLOCK INDICATES
THE NUMBER OF
SHEAVES
MECHANICAL
ADVANTAGE
LOAD (TONNES)
ALLOWANCE OF
10% PER SHEAVE
EFFORT
=LOAD + ALLOWANCE
WEIGHT ON ANCHORAGE
= LOAD +ALLOWANCE +
EFFORT
1TO 1
1.00
0.10
1.10
2.10
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
3TO 1
2TO 1
5TO 1
4TO 1
6TO 1
0.60
0.30
0.27
0.35
0.43
1.80
1.73
1.75
1.80
1.87
The preceding table shall be used to find the effort required on the operating rope and
the load on the support.The table is based on calculations for lifting 1 tonne.When lifting
any weight other than 1tonne,multiply the appropriate figure in the table by the weight
to be lifted in tonnes.Example:To find the effort required and load on support,using and
treble blocks to lift 7 tonnes.
Pull or effort for 1 tonne lift = 0.3 tonnes
So for a 7 tonne lift,effort = 0.3 x 7 = 2.1 tonnes
Load on support for 1 tonne = 1.8 tonnes
So for a 7 tonne lift.load on support = 1.8 x 7 = 12.6 tonnes.
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

THE FOLLOWING CHART INDICATES
THE FACTOR TO BE MULTIPLIED
BY THE LINE PULL TO OBTAIN THE
TOTAL LOAD ON THE BLOCK.
ANGLE FACTOR MULTIPLIERS
ANGLE FACTOR ANGLE FACTOR
0º 2.00 100º 1.29
10º 1.99 110º 1.15
20º 1.97 120º 1.00
30º 1.93 130º .84
40º 1.87 135º .76
45º 1.84 140º .68
50º 1.81 150º .52
60º 1.73 160º .35
70º 1.64 170º .17
80º 1.53 180º .00
90º 1.41 ----- -----
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

450 Kgs
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
1000 Kgs

SINGLE VERTICAL
CHOKE
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

DOUBLE WRAP CHOKE
HITCH
0º
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
DOUBLE WRAP CHOKE
HITCH AT
90º
THIS HITCH COMPRESSES
THE LOAD AND PREVENTS IT FROM SLIPPING OUT.
NOTE: THE TOTAL LOAD THAT MAY
BE LIFTED WHEN THE INCLUDED
ANGLE DOES NOT EXCEED 90°IS 1.4 X
THAT MARKED ON THE SINGLE SLING.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
FURTHER EXAMPLES THAT SHOW
INCREASED LOADING EFFECTS ON ROPES
SUITABLE TIMBER PACKING
SUITABLE TIMBER PACKING
A rope doubled round a shackle or similar small
diameter connection is only as strong as the single rope
The SWL for this condition can be taken from
table two single sling reeved
A rope doubled round an appliance or load with a
diameter(D) equal to at least 6 times the rope diameter
will carry a load, on each leg,equal to the SWL of a
single fall.
This method is not recommended for general lifting,
but may be used for light loads such as placing blocks.
The rope will only carry half it`s normal load because
of doubling through the eye.
An endless sling reeved with a choke angle
up to 120ºwill carry twice the load of a single
sling reeved.

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

______________________________________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
GUNNEBO HOOKS

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
RIGHT AND WRONG PULLEY GROOVES
WRONG
PULLEY GROOVE
TOO NARROW
WRONG
PULLEY GROOVE
TOO WIDE
RIGHT
PULLEY GROOVE
CORRECT.
120º OR 1/3rd OF ROPE
IS SUPPORTED

ROPE ANCHORAGE LOCATION
PLAIN DRUM
START ROPE AT
RIGHT FLANGE
RIGHT HAND
RIGHT HAND LAY ROPE
UNDERWIND
START ROPE AT
LEFT FLANGE
RIGHT HAND
RIGHT HAND LAY ROPE
OVERWIND
LEFT
HAND
LEFT HAND LAY ROPE
UNDERWIND
LEFT
HAND
LEFT HAND LAY ROPE
OVERWIND
NOTE:- Thumb indicates side of rope anchorage
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

When spooling wire rope from a wooden
drum onto the winch drum, avoid reverse
bending which is detrimental to the lay of
the rope.
Always reel from top to top or bottom to bottom
Never reel from top to bottom or bottom to top.
ROPE CHANGEOUT
Wrong
Wrong
Right
Right
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
MEASUREMENT OF ROPE
DIAMETERS
CORRECT WAY
THIS GIVES CORRECT DIAMETER
INCORRECT WAY
THIS DOES NOT GIVE THE
CORRECT MEASUREMENT
DIAMETER TOLERANCES
Nominal rope Oversize
Diameter (inches) (inches)
0-3/4 +1/32
1 3/16-1 1/8 +3/64
1 3/16-1 1/2 +1/16
1 9/16-2 1/4 +3/32
2 5/16-UP +1/8

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
LOCATION OF ATTACHMENT
TO JIB OR HOOK BLOCK
WEDGE
SOCKET
DEAD END
OF ROPE
STRAIGHT
LINE
OF PULL
LIVE (LOADED)
PART OF ROPE
WEDGE AND SOCKET
ASSEMBLY AND SET UP

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
RECOMMENDED ROPE
TERMINATION
TO BS 7166
THE DEAD END IS LOOPED
BACK ON ITSELF & SECURED
WITH A BULLDOG CLIP
& SOFT WIRE AS SHOWN.
A SHORT SECTION OF ROPE
CAN BE ATTACHED TO THE
END OF THE ROPE WITH A
BULLDOG CLIP AS SHOWN.
OR

_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION

OPERATIONAL ENVELOPE
The FROG has been designed to ensure passengers safely even when
operating in relatively arduous conditions. Passengers are protected
during vertical impacts on a vessel deck of up to 4.0 m/s by the
properties of the feet and spring mounted seat. Passengers are also
protected from impacts up to 2 m/s by the frame work and seat harness.
During 2m/s lateral impact the FROG will sustain damage to the central
column. It is important that the equipment is inspected after any impact.
The unit has a low centre of gravity and a tripod base, providing
stability on uneven surfaces or on a pitching/rolling vessel. The FROG
has already been used in weather conditions in the region of Gale
Force 6 and 2m high seas and also has been reported to be stable and
perform well in relatively high winds (when used in conjunction with
non-rotating wire rope forerunner and swivel). However, for all
routine (non-emergency) operations it is important that the operating
parameters are taken into account prior to any transfer.

TRANSFER LOG
As for most potentially hazardous operations carried out in the offshore
Environment, the safety of personnel can be greatly improved by careful
And systematic pre-job planning.
Preparation should include:-
Identification and assessment of the principal hazards.
Inspection of the equipment.
Proper briefing of personnel.
Clear allocation of responsibility for the safe conduct of the operation.
Reflex recommend that operators properly log all marine transfers.

FROG OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
PRE‑TRANSFER
1. Supervisor ‑ Conduct Pre‑transfer hazard analysis
: Conduct Inspection of equipment prior to use
: Brief all persons
i. Crane operator
ii. Deck crew
iii. Passengers
iv. Vessel ‑ Master, Deck crew
4. Passengers ‑ Wear recommended P.P.E. (Personal Protective Equipment), P.F.D. (Personal Floatation Device), and Survival suit where applicable. Note: Send P. F D. to vessel prior to transfer to avoid rush

LIFT‑OFF
Deck Crew ‑ Hook‑up Master link and Safety Loop
2. Deck Crew ‑ Signal to Passengers to enter Capsule when
safe to do so.
3. Passengers ‑ Ensure Luggage is secure in designated area.
4. Passengers ‑ Strap‑in, do not rush ‑ Loosen Belt, Tighten
lower straps, then upper straps
5. Passengers ‑ Signal to Deck crew when Seat belt secure by
holding hand up/ thumbs up
6. Deck Crew ‑ Ensure Passengers are strapped in.
7. Deck Crew ‑ Ensure Taglines, where applicable, and Sling
are not snagged
8. Deck Crew ‑ Signal Lift to Crane operator

LANDING
1. Crane Op. ‑ All raising and lowering must be over water
2. Crane Op. ‑ Guide Capsule into clear landing area
3. Deck Crew ‑ Keep safe position if handling unit ‑ Do not
stand between Frog and Rail
4. Deck Crew ‑ If Taglines are used beware of specific risks.
5. Crane Op. ‑ Crane operator to release slack when Frog has
landed
6. Crane Op. ‑ Crane operator to put Sling down‑weather
7. Deck Crew ‑Ensure Sling is not hazard for exiting Passengers
8. Deck Crew ‑ When Frog securely on Deck. Signal “All clear”
to Passengers
9. Passengers ‑ Remain seated until given “All clear” by
Deck‑crew
10. Passengers ‑ Collect Luggage
11. Passengers ‑Move away from Capsule towards safe area

TAG LINES
Tag lines (hand line) are not supplied
with the FROG. However if users wish
to use tag lines for handling the FROG
The following should be considered:-
Tag lines should be attached to the floor grating and 30 x 30 brace at the end of
the doorway. (See Above)
Reflex marine suggest one or two 3m lines are practicable for handling the FROG,
However length of line used is at the discretion of the deck crew.
Be aware of the specific risks arising from the use of tag lines:-
Deck crew using tag lines will be standing closer to the FROG during landing,
which increases the risk of impact or caught in between.
Ensure tag lines are not tied or caught on any adjacent equipment or structures.
Ensure tag lines are clear of knotting and deck crew have suitable hand and eye
protection.

APPROVED
PERSONNEL
NETS
_____________________________________
TRAINING PRESENTATION
(Billy Pugh)

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS?