Old English Morphology

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a typical synthetic or inflected;
parts of speech: the noun, the pronoun, the

a typical synthetic or inflected; parts of speech: the noun, the pronoun,
adjective, the numeral, the verb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection;
the nominal parts of speech had certain grammatical categories.

Old English

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Categories:
gender (not grammatical): stān 'камень' (м.р. -a-), scip 'корабль' (ср. -a-),

Categories: gender (not grammatical): stān 'камень' (м.р. -a-), scip 'корабль' (ср. -a-),
fōr 'поездка' (ж.р. -ō-), hond 'рука' (ж.р. -u-); info about the gender was encoded in different attributes (pronouns, adjectives);
number (plural vs. singular; rather stable);
case: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative (many homonymous forms).

The Noun in Old English

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nouns had an elaborate system of declensions;
nouns were grouped according to:

nouns had an elaborate system of declensions; nouns were grouped according to:
the former stem-forming suffixes and to some extent gender;
vocalic stems, a-stems, i-stems; consonantal stems, n-stems; ja-stems, nd-stems; 'root-stems');
the majority of OE nouns belonged to the a-stems, ō-stems and n-stems).

Morphological classification of nouns

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The declension of a-stem nouns

The declension of a-stem nouns

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personal,
demonstrative,
interrogative,
indefinite

The pronoun in OE

personal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite The pronoun in OE

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3 persons, 3 numbers: singular, plural and the remains of the dual

3 persons, 3 numbers: singular, plural and the remains of the dual
number in the second person, 3 genders, 4 (5) cases;
the genitive case of personal pronouns: used as an object, or an attribute (like modern possessives): sunu mīn, his fæder (his son, his father);
no separate class of possessive pronouns;
personal pronoun+self: served as reflexive: him selfum.

Personal pronouns

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the prototype of NE that: sē (m.), ðæt (n.), sēo (f.)
the prototype

the prototype of NE that: sē (m.), ðæt (n.), sēo (f.) the
of NE this: ðes (m.), ðis (n.), ðēos/ðīos (f.).
indicated the noun's number, gender and case;
sometimes their meaning was weakened and approached the function of an article.

Demonstrative pronouns

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hwā (m., f.) hwæt (n.) had a four-case paradigm (‘who, what’);
the Instrumental

hwā (m., f.) hwæt (n.) had a four-case paradigm (‘who, what’); the
Case of hwæt – a separate interrogative word hwy (‘why’). I

Interrogative pronouns

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numerous;
simple and compound:
ān ‘one, any’,
nān ‘none’ = ān+ negative particle ne;

numerous; simple and compound: ān ‘one, any’, nān ‘none’ = ān+ negative

nānþin ‘nothing’= nān + þin

Indefinite pronouns

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the number of adjectives in Old English is not very significant.
Categories:

the number of adjectives in Old English is not very significant. Categories:
number, gender, case + purely adjectival (the degrees of comparison– the positive, the comparative and the superlative).

The Adjective in OE

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made synthetically, by adding suffixes -ra and -ost/-est: soft – softra –

made synthetically, by adding suffixes -ra and -ost/-est: soft – softra –
softest;
NO ANALYTICAL FORMATIONS;
suffixation could be accompanied by i-mutation of a root vowel: eald – ieldra – ieldest (old), stronʒ– stren ʒa – strenʒest.
four adjectives in Old English had suppletive degrees of comparison: ʒōd – betera – betst (good), yfel – wiesra – wierest (bad), mycel – māra – mæst (much), lytel – læssa – læst (little).

The degrees of comparison

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strong and weak (the difference both formal and semantic)
most adjectives could

strong and weak (the difference both formal and semantic) most adjectives could
be declined in both ways;
strong declension: used predicatively, used attributively without any determiners;
weak declension: was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or the Gen. case of personal pronouns (determiners).

OE Adjective Declensions

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finite and non-finite forms (infinitive and two participles);
categories (tense, mood, number, person);
the

finite and non-finite forms (infinitive and two participles); categories (tense, mood, number,
morphological classification: strong and week verbs;
the stems of the verb.

The OE Verb

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being a verbal noun by origin it had the grammatical category of

being a verbal noun by origin it had the grammatical category of
case;
the nominative –an, -ian (often used with such verbs as willan, sculan, weorðan to render various grammatical meanings;
the dative (suffix -enne/anne: writan – to writenne; the preposition to was associated with the dative case and used to indicate the direction or purpose of an action).

The non-finite forms: Infinitive

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Participle I: the root + -ende (writan – writende ‘to write, writing’);

Participle I: the root + -ende (writan – writende ‘to write, writing’);
was active in meaning;
Participle II: strong verbs: vowels interchange in the root + –en, weak – the dental suffix -d/t; was passive in meaning;

The non-finite forms: Participles

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person, number, tense and mood;
number (singular and plural, a form of agreement

person, number, tense and mood; number (singular and plural, a form of
between the subject and the predicate);
person (three persons), though the opposition is neutralised in many positions;
mood: Indicative – Subjunctive – Imperative;
tense: the opposition of past – non-past.
For future time reference: adverbs of future time, by the use of special verbs like the verbs of wishes and commands; the verbs willan, sculan, etc.).

The categories of the verb

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it determined the application of form-building means in various groups of verbs;
strong

it determined the application of form-building means in various groups of verbs;
verbs, weak verbs, preterite-present verbs; anomalous verbs and some other minor classes.

The morphological classification of OE verbs

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Strong verbs
about 300 in Old English;
native verbs of Proto-Germanic origin; developed as

Strong verbs about 300 in Old English; native verbs of Proto-Germanic origin;
the result of vowel alternation (ablaut);
the number of strong verbs in Germanic was steadily being reduced.
Weak verbs
more than strong and constantly growing;
the use of the dental suffix;
among the weak verbs there were derivatives of OE noun and adjective stems and also derivatives of strong verbs built from one of their stems.

Strong and weak verbs

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strong and weak verbs are further subdivided into a number of morphological

strong and weak verbs are further subdivided into a number of morphological
classes;
strong verbs are divided into seven classes on the basis of the differences in vowel gradation; Classes 1 and 3 were the most numerous of all, Class 2 included almost 40 verbs. The rest had from 10 to 15 verbs each.
weak verbs are divided into three classes depending on the ending of the infinitive, the sonority of the suffix and the sounds preceding the suffix.

Strong and weak verbs

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combine the qualities of the strong verbs as well as the weak

combine the qualities of the strong verbs as well as the weak
ones:
their present tense is formed according to the rules of formation of the past tense of the strong verbs (gradation or vowel interchange);
their past tense has all the peculiarities of the weak verbs;
participle II meanwhile retains the suffix -en of the strong verbs.
12 of them in OE;
six of them have survived in Mod E: they are Modern English modals.

Preterite-present verbs

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with irregular forms:
bēon/wesan ‘be’,
ʒan ‘go’,
dōn (do)
willan ‘will’.

Anomalous

with irregular forms: bēon/wesan ‘be’, ʒan ‘go’, dōn (do) willan ‘will’. Anomalous verbs
verbs

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derived from a set of ‘stems’ or principal parts of the verb:

derived from a set of ‘stems’ or principal parts of the verb:

the Present tense;
the Past Tense stems;
the Past Participle stem.
Strong verbs
beran bær bæron ʒeboren ‘bear’
dēman dēmde dēmed deem

Verbal stems

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Syntax

a synthetic language the functional load of syntactic ways of word connection

Syntax a synthetic language the functional load of syntactic ways of word
was relatively small;
mostly spoken the written forms resembles oral speech; simple syntax.

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Sōđlice sum mann hæfde twēʒen suna
Truly a certain man had two sons

Sōđlice sum mann hæfde twēʒen suna Truly a certain man had two
the connection between the parts of the words is shown by the forms of the words;
some parts of the sentences that are obligatory for NE could be omitted;
multiple negation (ne+ nāht or nōht).

Simple Sentence

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existed since the earliest times;
though the structures were numerous, they were a

existed since the earliest times; though the structures were numerous, they were
bit clumsy and not very precise;
coordinate, subordinate, asyndetic connection.

Compound and Complex Sentences

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relatively free, influenced by logical and stylistic factors;
the freedom of word order

relatively free, influenced by logical and stylistic factors; the freedom of word
should not be overestimate (question vs. statements)
Hwæt sceal īc sinʒan?
What shall I sing? (partial inversion)
Hēr cuōm sē here tō Rēadinʒum…
In this year came that army to Reading (full inversion, after an adverbial modifier)

Word Order

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Ōhthere sǣde his hlāforde, Œlfrēde cyninʒe þæt hē ealra Norđmonna norþmest būde
Ohthere

Ōhthere sǣde his hlāforde, Œlfrēde cyninʒe þæt hē ealra Norđmonna norþmest būde
said (to) his lord Alfred king that he (of) all Northman to the North lived (had lived)
(the subject in the subordinate clause is followed by the connective and ends with the predicate)

Word order

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