Week 6_Lessons_1-2 APA in text citation and practice

Lessons 1-2 objectives
Learn about the particulars of in-text citation in APA
Be able to distinguish in-text citation of quotations and paraphrases
Demonstrate the understanding of in-text citations

Warm up
Which one of these activities should be cited?
Using direct words of an author
Using ideas of an author but paraphrased in your own words
Statistics
General knowledge
Somebody's opinion

What Is Citation?
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:
information about the author
the title of the work
the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
the date your copy was published
the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Why should I cite sources?
Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number
of other reasons to cite sources:
citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from
not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas
citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to
your ideas

What Needs to Be Cited?
Cite it and place double quotation marks
around the text
Cite it
Is it a quote?
Is it a
paraphrase or summary?
Is it another’s idea/theory?
Cite it
There is no need to cite if it is common knowledge

What do you know about these types of in-text citation?

Quotations (Read more)
Used effectively, quotations can provide important pieces of evidence and lend fresh voices and perspectives to your narrative. Used ineffectively, however, quotations can clutter your text and interrupt the flow of your argument.
Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing:
when reproducing an exact definition
when an author has said something memorably or succinctly, or
when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g., something someone said).
Narrative citations:
According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
“A flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study.
Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
Parenthetical citations:
In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).
Many researchers have agreed: “Online education is a viable way to help working adults earn a college degree, but it is not for everyone” (Smith, 2010, p. 4).
1. Is the author's name part of the sentence in narrative citations or parenthetical citations?
2. Where should you indicate the year in parenthetical citations?
3. Do you need to use the closing quotation mark before or after the information in parentheses?

Correct the sentences with quotations
1)According to Jones (1998) students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time (p. 199).
2)She stated "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is communicating what you or someone else has said or written, using different words.
Being able to paraphrase is an important skill in academic writing. What does it help with?
Example:
Original sentence: Visual learners struggle where there is an emphasis on giving information orally.
Paraphrase: People who learn by visualizing have difficulty learning through communication with a verbal focus.
What is the difference between these two?
avoiding repeating yourself​
avoiding quoting someone else exactly​
developing your vocabulary​
developing your own 'voice' in your writing

Tips and techniques for paraphrasing
Answer the questions on effective paraphrasing. Answer YES or NO
Does the paraphrased sentence have a different structure to the original?
Does the paraphrased sentence mainly have different vocabulary?
Does the paraphrased sentence retain the same meaning?
Do you keep the same word order in the paraphrased sentence?
Is it appropriate to keep some phrases from the original that are in common use (e.g., 'eighteenth century')?
Also, keep in mind that there are very useful techniques for paraphrasing:
A)Changing vocabulary by using synonyms: to start - to commence, to begin, a newborn baby – an infant and etc.
B) Changing word class: profitable (adj.) - profitability (n.), mechanical (adj.)-mechanize (v.)
C)Changing word order:
… the best explanation for the British location of the Industrial Revolution is found by studying demand factors.
A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the Industrial Revolution.
1. What does paraphrasing mean? Why should you paraphrase?
2. What are the key steps to effective paraphrasing?

ACTIVITY ON PARAPHRASING.
Choose the best paraphrased version.
Original sentence: Consultants advised the company to extend the range of their products
Variant 1: The company has been advised to make the range of products more extensive
Variant II: Consultants suggested the company to extend the range of their products
Original sentence: A football stadium should be easily accessible by coach and foot, if not also by train and bus.
Variant 1: A football stadium should be easily accessible in the variety of ways: by coach and foot, if not also by train and bus.
Variant II: People should be able to gain easy access to a football stadium in the variety of ways: by coach, foot, bus and train
Original sentence: The spread of GM trials had led to a series of protests.
Variant 1: A series of protests has resulted from the spread of GM trials
Variant II: GM trials had led to a series of protests

Let’s practice!

Your turn
Classifying research data by region is a useful way of identifying key markets.
(classification/helps companies/
Identify)

Your turn
Categorizing the products by price band made it easier to calculate their relative value.
(categorized/possible more easily)

Your turn
Survey results can be grouped according to consumer feedback.
(possible/group)

Your turn
Items such as basic food are categorized as staple products.
(belong to/ the category of)

Your turn
The next step is to divide the products into four different categories.
(classifying/groups)

Your turn
When consumer products are subdivided into several categories, it helps companies define their target market.
(subdivision/helpful)

Introducing citations
Using a verb in the active form. This puts the focus on the original author
Using a structure based on the noun form of the reporting verb, introduced by There is or There has been. This also puts the focus on the content rather than the author
Using an impersonal it structure with the verb in the passive form. This shifts the focus to the content rather than the author
Truswell (2003) argues that there is no strong reason why a vegetarian diet should be deficient in vitamin B12, but vegans are "at risk" of B12 deficiency, as well as the essential mineral calcium. ​
It has been argued that there is no strong reason why a vegetarian diet should be deficient in vitamin B12, but vegans are "at risk" of B12 deficiency, as well as the essential mineral calcium (Truswell, 2003).
There has been considerable argument about vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarian diets, with Truswell (2003) stating that there is no strong reason why a vegetarian diet should be deficient in vitamin B12, but that vegans are "at risk" of B12 deficiency, as well as the essential mineral calcium.
In academic writing, there are several ways to introduce citations. Reporting verbs like argue and suggest are frequently used:

Multiple authors

Missing information

Combining citations
(Smith, 2020) (Jones, 2015) (McCombes et al., 2017)
(Jones, 2015; McCombes et al., 2017; Smith, 2020)

Citing in APA style: practice
Lesson 2

Proofreading in-text citation. Extracts 1-6 contain an in-text citation with one or more mistakes. Correct the mistakes.
Task 4 (Chazal & McCarter, 2012).p.123

Task 3 (Chazal & McCarter, 2012).p.126

(Chazal & McCarter, 2012)
Task7 Ex.3 p.128
Complete the table to show which information you should include in each type of reference. Write V (necessery), X (unnecessary), or ? (optinal). Use examples of both types of reference from the texts in this module to help you.

Practice makes perfect!

References
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing (4th ed.).Routledge
Chazal, E. & McCarter, S. (2012). Oxford EAP. Oxford University Press
Paterson, K. & Wedge, R. (2013). English grammar and practice for Academic Purposes. Oxford University Press