Nobel_Prize_Winners_RAS

CONTENTS
1) The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The general information.
2) Nikolay Semyonov. The mechanism of chemical reactions.
3) Pavel Cherenkov, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank. Nuclear Physics.
4) Lev Landau. The Nobel Prize for Physics.
5) Nikolay Basov, Aleksandr Prokhorov. The development of the laser.
6) Pyotr Kapitsa. Low-temperature physics.
7) Zhores Alferov. Heterostructure physics and electronics.
8) Vitaly Ginzburg, Aleksei Abrikosov. Astrophysics and condensed matter physics.
Task 1. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
Task 2. Match the English terms with their Russian equivalents.
Task 3. Complete the sentences using the correct prepositions.
Task 4. Make the phrases matching the verbs with nouns. Translate them into Russian.
Task 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases from Task 4.

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
is one of the leading research organizations in the world and the largest centre for fundamental research in Russia. With the use of government funding, the scientific institutions of the academic system carry out fundamental and applied scientific research in the areas of natural, technical, humanitarian and social sciences.
Because of its long history of supporting scientific research and education, Russia has produced a number of internationally recognized leaders in physics and chemistry.
The Russian Academy of Sciences played a major part in all their careers. With one exception, all were members of the Academy, carrying out their research and publishing their findings with the Academy’s support.
Useful vocabulary:
- research – исследования
- government funding – правительственное финансирование
- to carry out applied scientific research – выполнять прикладные научные исследования
- to support – поддерживать
- internationally recognized leaders – ведущие учёные, признанные на мировом уровне
- to publish the findings – публиковать открытия

Nikolay Semyonov
In 1956, Nikolay N. Semyonov
was the first Russian to receive a Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
He was trained as a physicist and chemist. During his career, working alone or with other distinguished scientists, he made many important discoveries and contributions to chemistry and physics.
In 1931, Semyonov became the first director of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy and was also one of the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT).
Useful vocabulary:
- to receive a Nobel Prize – получить Нобелевскую премию
- distinguished scientists – выдающиеся учёные
- discoveries and contributions – открытия и достижения
- founder – основатель

The collaboration of Pavel A. Cherenkov, Igor Y. Tamm and Ilya
M. Frank resulted in the discovery and description of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect, a phenomenon which is very important in nuclear physics. For their work they received the Nobel Prize in 1958.
All three of the scientists were professors at universities
and the Academy’s institutes and greatly influenced future
generations of scientists.
Useful vocabulary:
- collaboration – сотрудничество
- description; to describe – описание; описывать
- nuclear physics – ядерная физика
- to influence future generations of scientists – повлиять на будущие поколения учёных

Lev D. Landau
After receiving his doctoral degree from Leningrad University at the exceptionally young age of 19,
Lev D. Landau went on to study abroad. When he returned to Russia, he became head of two of the Academy’s institutes.
Like Semyonov, he was also involved in founding the MIPT. He
received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1962, for his phenomenological theory of superfluidity in helium.
Useful vocabulary:
- to go on to study abroad – продолжать обучение за границей
- to return to Russia – вернуться в Россию
- he was involved in … – он принимал участие в …
- to found; founder – основывать (институт); основатель
- superfluidity in helium – сверхтекучесть гелия

Nikolay Basov
and Aleksandr Prokhorov
Nikolay G. Basov
and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov worked together on a project which led to the development
of the laser and their receiving the 1964 Nobel Prize.
Both worked at the Lebedev Institute of Physics (Basov was the Director from 1973-1988)
and also taught at universities.
Even though Prokhorov never became a member of the Academy, the Academy’s General Physics Institute
was renamed the A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute
in his honour.
Useful vocabulary:
- to work on a project – работать над проектом
- to lead to the development – приводить к развитию
- to teach (taught) – преподавать; обучать
- the Institute was renamed – институт был переименован
- in his honour – в его честь

Pyotr L. Kapitsa
Pyotr L. Kapitsa went to England after he
had completed his studies at Petrograd
Polytechnic Institute. He studied at Cambridge and worked on various projects there. He returned to Russia in 1934 and continued his career there.
He was one of the founders of the MIPT.
In addition, Kapitsa was a member of the Soviet National Committee of the Pugwash movement, a group of scientists who wanted to use science for the good of humankind and not for violence and war. Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize for Physics
in 1978, for his work on low-temperature physics.
Useful vocabulary:
- to complete the studies – заканчивать обучение
- various – различный
- for the good of humankind – на благо человечества
- violence – насилие

Zhores I. Alferov is a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.
He is the winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics. His contributions to physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures, development of lasers, solar cells, and epitaxy processes have led to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.
He has been a member of the Russian State Parliament, the Duma, since 1995.
Zhores I. Alferov
Useful vocabulary:
- to contribute to…; contribution (to) – внести вклад во что-л.; достижение
- to create; creation – создать; создание
- heterostructure physics – физика гетероструктур (слоистая структура
из различных полупроводников)
- semiconductor – полупроводник (кристаллический материал, который проводит электричество)
- solar cells – солнечные элементы; фотоэлементы
- epitaxy – эпитаксия (выращивание одного кристалла на поверхности другого)

Ginzburg V.L. is a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate in 2003, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Academy’s physics institute. Ginzburg is the author of several hundred papers and a dozen books devoted to physics and astrophysics.
Abrikosov A.A. is a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize winner in 2003, whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. Abrikosov discovered the way in which magnetic flux can penetrate a superconductor.
Vitaly Ginzburg
and Aleksei Abrikosov
Useful vocabulary:
- hydrogen bomb – водородная бомба
- successor to… – преемник
- department – кафедра
- devoted to… – посвящённый …
- the field of condensed matter physics – область физики плотных (конденсированных) сред
- to discover the way – открыть способ
- magnetic flux – поток магнитной индукции
- to penetrate a superconductor – проникнуть в сверхпроводник (сверхпроводниковый материал)

a) astrophysics; b) development; c) technical; d) superfluidity;
e) chemistry; f) nuclear physics; g) low-temperature; h) contributed to
TASK 1. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
1) The RAS supports researches and publishing the findings of scientists working in the areas of natural, _________, humanitarian and social sciences.
2) The first Russian scientist to receive a Nobel Prize for ____________ was Nikolay Semyonov.
3) The discovery and description of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect is very important in ___________.
4) Lev Landau is famous for developing his phenomenological theory of _____________ in helium.
5) The project of N. Basov and A. Prokhorov led to the ______ of the laser.
6) Pyotr Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1978, for his work on ____________ physics.
7) Z. Alferov ______________ physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures, development of lasers, and solar cells.
8) V. Ginzburg’s books are devoted mostly to physics and _____________ .

TASK 2. Match the English terms with their
Russian equivalents.
applied research important discovery
collaboration
4) superfluidity
5) distinguished contributions
6) for the good of humankind
7) creation
8) semiconductor
9) condensed matter physics
10) devoted to physics
11) magnetic flux
12) hydrogen bomb
a) на благо человечества
b) полупроводник
с) прикладное исследование
d) посвящённый физике
e) создание
f) водородная бомба
g) важное открытие
h) магнитная индукция
i) выдающиеся достижения
j) сотрудничество
k) сверхтекучесть
l) физика плотных сред

TASK 3. Complete the sentences using the correct prepositions.
to in during to for at of for into in
1) The Russian Academy of Sciences is the largest centre __________ fundamental research in Russia.
2) Our country has produced a lot of internationally recognized leaders ______ physics and chemistry.
3) Nikolay Semyonov carried out his research _______ the mechanism of chemical reactions.
4) ____________ his career, he made many important discoveries and contributions to chemistry and physics.
5) The collaboration of these scientists resulted _______ the discovery and description of the phenomenon important in nuclear physics.
6) The scientists were professors _______ universities and the Academy’s institutes.
7) This project which led _________ the development of the laser.
8) They didn’t want to use science ____________ violence and war.
9) V. Ginzburg was the successor ____________ Igor Tamm.
10) Z. Alferov contributed to the creation ____________ modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

TASK 4. Make the phrases matching
the verbs with nouns. Translate them into Russian.
to describe
to carry out
to contribute to
4) to receive
5) to work on
6) to publish
7) to rename
8) to devote
9) to be involved in
10) to penetrate
11) to influence
12) to return to
a) the institute in his honour
b) a superconductor
с) findings
d) the books to physics
e) a phenomenon
f) future generations
g) founding the institute
h) his native country
i) the creation of physics
j) scientific researches
k) a project
l) a Nobel Prize