Systems Analysis and Design

Содержание

Слайд 2

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale.
The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

Слайд 3

Управление Проектом

Глава 3

Управление Проектом Глава 3

Слайд 4

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ключевые Определения

Управление проектом это планирование и контроль над развитием системы в рамках определенного интервала времени, минимизация затрат с соблюдением выполняемых функциий .
Руковолитель проекта несет непосредственную ответственность за сотни заданий и работ, что требует тщательной согласованности.

Слайд 5

НАПИСАНИЕ РАБОЧЕГО ПЛАНА

НАПИСАНИЕ РАБОЧЕГО ПЛАНА

Слайд 6

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Пример рабочего плана

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Определение заданий

Подход Top-down
Оределение заданий наивысшего значимости
Разбиваем на меньшие группы по снижению значимости
Методология
Используется стандартный список заданий

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Top Down Task Определение

Phases

Phases with
high level steps

Слайд 9

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Оценка проекта на основе производственной информации

Planning Analysis Design Implementation
Industry
Standard
For Web 15% 20% 35% 30%
Applications
Time
Required 4 5.33 9.33 8
in Person
Months

Слайд 10

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Оценка времени на основе More Complex Approach

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Оценка сбыта???

Объемы
Function points
Lines of code
Производительность
Человек-месяц
Время
Месяцы

Слайд 12

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Использование верных данных для оценки

Прежние проекты
Предшествующий опыт
Проиводственные стандарты
Подробный анализ

Слайд 13

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг 1

Complexity
Description Low Medium High Total
Inputs __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____
Outputs __x 4 __x 5 __x 7 ____
Queries __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____
Files __x 7 __x 10 __x 15 ____
Program __x 5 __x 7 __x 10 ____
Interfaces
TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS ____

Слайд 14

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг2

Scale of 1 to 5
Data Communications _____
Heavy Use Configuration _____
Transaction Rate _____
End-User efficiency _____
Complex Processing _____
Installation Ease _____
Multiple sites _____
Performance _____
Distributed functions _____
On-line data entry _____
On-line update _____
Reusability _____
Operational Ease _____
Extensibility _____
Project Complexity (PC) _____

Слайд 15

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Бальная функциональная оценка-- Шаг 3

Processing Complexity (PC): ________
(From Step 2)
Adjusted Processing
Complexity (PCA) = 0.65 + (0.001 * ____ )
Total Adjusted
Function Points: _____ * ____ =
(TUFP -- From Step 1)

Слайд 16

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг 4

Adjusted Project Complexity
= .065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity)
Total Adjusted Function Points
=
Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP

Слайд 17

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Converting Function Points to Lines of Code

Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research

Language

LOC/Function Code Point

C
COBOL
JAVA
C++
Turbo Pascal
Visual Basic
PowerBuilder
HTML
Packages
(e.g., Access, Excel)

130
110
55
50
50
30
15
15
10-40

Слайд 18

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Your Turn

Даже грубая оцека проекта потребует достаточного времени и усилий
Что необходимо сделать, чтобы проект стал стоящим?

Слайд 19

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Оценка производительности

Соотношение масштабов производства и его стоимости
Модель COCOMO

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

COCOMO Estimation Calculation

Effort = 1.4 * thousands-of-
(in Person- lines-of-code
Months)
Example:
If LOC = 2000 Then...
Effort = (1.4 * 2000) = 28 Person Months

Слайд 21

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Оценка сроков исполнения

Rule of thumb for estimation

Schedule Time (months)
=
3.0 * person-months1/3

Слайд 22

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Аттрибуты кадрового обеспечения

Уровень необходимых кадров будет меняться в будущем
Дополнительные кадры могут привлечь расходы, непокрываемые дополнительной производительностью
Иерархическое составление отчетности в группах по 8-10 может облегчить работу

Слайд 23

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Снижение трудностей в больших группах

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Your Turn

Как узнать, сколько человек назначить на проект?
Как узнать какие специальные навыки потребуются для исполнения проекта?

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Распределение времени

Дедлайн (горизонт)
Сокращение функциональности, если необходимо
”Последние штрихи”

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Этапы распределения времени

Установить дату сдачи проекта
Дедлайн должен быть реальным
Should be set by development group
Приритеты по значимости
Построение базы системы
Postpone unfinished functionality
Deliver the system with core functionality
Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and enhancements

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CD Selections

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Calculate the Function Points Estimate for CD Selections

CD Selections

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КОМПЛЕКТАЦИЯ ПРОЕКТА

КОМПЛЕКТАЦИЯ ПРОЕКТА

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ключевые определения

The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the project
В уставе описываются цели и принципы проекта
A functional lead manages a group of analysts
A technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Motivation

Аккуратно используйте внешние поощрения
Используйте внутренние поощрения
Признание
Достижения
Работа непосредственно
Ответственность
Продвижение
Возможность приобрести новые навыки

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Стратегия избегания конфликтов

Чётко определить задачи
Hold individuals accountable
Следовать уставу
Develop schedule commitments ahead of time
Предвидение других предпочтений и возможных влияний на проект

Слайд 33

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CD Selections

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КОНТРОЛЬ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЕКТОМ

КОНТРОЛЬ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЕКТОМ

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Hurricane Model

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Предельные оценки стоимости ошибок во времени

Typical margins of Error for
Well-done Estimates
Phase Deliverable Cost (%) time (%)
Planning System Request 400 60
Project Plan 100 25
Analysis System Proposal 50 15
Design System Specification 25 10
Source: Boehm et al. (1995)

Слайд 37

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Отслеживание заданий с использованием графика Ганнта

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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CASE Инструменты

Initiation Analysis Design Implementation

Upper CASE Lower CASE

Integrated CASE (I-CASE)

Слайд 39

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Procedural Metadata
Logic

Diagrams Screen
Designs

CASE Repository

CASE Компоненты

Слайд 40

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Стандарты

Примеры
Правила присваивания файлам имен
Правила указания решенных задач
Программные директивы
Можете ли Вы придумать ещё примеры?

Слайд 41

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Документация

Связка проекта???
Оглавление
Непрерывнаое усовершенствование

Слайд 42

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Managing Scope???????????

Scope creep -- основная причина проблем в разработке
JAD and prototyping
Formal change approval
Charging for changes

Слайд 43

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Управление риском

Оценка риска
Действия по сокращению риска
Повторная оценка

Слайд 44

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Классические ошибки

Слишком оптимистический план
Невозможность отслеживать план
Невозможность усовершенствования плана
Подключение людей к “мёртвому” проекту

Слайд 45

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001

PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Итог

Управление проектом требовательно относится к разработке новой системы
Управление проектом включает планирование, контроль и отчет, основанный на данных о времени, трудовых ресурсах, стоимости.

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