The culture in XIX century

Question # 1:The kazakh literature at 19 century. The two fundamental directions in kazakh literature.
In kazakhs literature on first half of XIX века big place take creations of bii - Aktailak, Bapan, Eset, Jankisi, who words was spreading in people. They was formed on a base traditional culture.
But, time was change, and in literature appearance new way - unit of creations of different nationalities. The first place of this sphere take creation of great kazakh poet - Abay (Ibragim) Kunanbaev

Abay Kunanbaev (1845-1904)
Kazakhs poet, educator, founder of kazakhs writers literature and compositor. He was born in family of big feudal - Kunanbai in Semey oblast’. He take education in medrese of Ahmet-Riza mulla. In this time too go to russian school.
He in his creation write about necessity of education, unit of knowledge of different countries and unit all of population against colonialism, “bii traditions” and illiteracy of ethnic population.
And one of big role in this play his translations of works of great creators of different nationalities. This work open for population a world civilization.

Shakarim Kudaiberdiev (1858-1931)
He was a posterity of Abay and take good education. He know arab, persian, turk and russian language, he very beautiful know history of his people. His public-political view have broad spreading in his creations: “Rodoslovnaia of turk, kirgiz, kazakhs and khans” (Shejire); “Conditions of Mussulman”, poems “Kalkaman Mamyr”, “Enlik-Kebek”.

Ahmet Baitursynov (1873-1937)
In development of kazakh language and literature take creation of Ahmet Baitursynov. First collection with name of “Masa” went in Orenburg. To december of 1917 y. he was a redactor of newspaper “Kazakh”, where was write the situation of ethnic population at colonial politic of government. At 1917 y. the newspaper “Kazakh” was official print organ of first kazakh party “Alash”.

Ibyrai Altynsarin (1841-1889)
He is one of first teachers-educators, writers, ethnographer, public person. In 1857 y. he end the school near Orenburg bounder committee, in this year he begin work secretary, then translator. And in 164 y. he work teacher in school near Turgai. At this year begin his educatory work, he went to many aul, collection money and building schools. Where children begin to study base knowledge of mathematic, geography, different language. And one his creation was a first text-book by Xrestomatiia of Kazakh language. So he give to girls a right study in school.

Question no 2: The kazakh music art.
Music play big role in spiritual culture and social-public life of kazakh population. Good spreading take treatment music, especially - on dombra, with this famous was - kobyz, sybyzgy, syrnai.
Formatted regional schools traditions in music art and music treat.

In ending of XVIII - beginning of XIX cc. create compositors - Jantore khan (kui “Shalkyma”) and Bogda (“Boz tobe”).
In fist half of XIX c. in west Kazakhstan create compositors-kuishi - Baijuma, Uzok, Arenjan, Musirali, Koshpesh.
On north-west of Kazakhstan was famous Toresh, Orynbai, Usen.
On north-east, Saryarka nomad place develop art of Kuandyk, Ali dombrists (player on dombra).
In Jetysu region was famous - Esim and Sarsha, on south of Kazakhstan - Sholak.
In second half of XIX c. lived greatest kazakh compositors, who created classical works, base motives of who was national-emancipatory struggle against colonialism.
In development of kazakh music art at this time famous - Kurmangazy, Dauletkerei, Tattimbet Kazangapuly, Ahan Cery, Jaiau Musa and others.

In beginning of XX c. famous was - Kurmangazy Sagyrbaiuly (1818-1889)
Kurmangazy – genius kuishi-compositor, classic of treat music. His famous great works - “Akbai”, “Asak kiik”, “kobyk shashkan”, “Turmeden kashkan”. In “Saryarka” work listen motives of kazakhs people to struggle with aim to free, love to native land and broad steppe. With this he create dance kui “Kyzyl kain”, “Balbyraun”.

Dina Nurpeisova (1861-1955)
D. Nurpeisova– greatest traditional arts compositor and performer, Kurmangazy pupil. Create of this person unit 2 epoch, transitional link of classical past and modern development of dombra music. Famous works: “Bulbul”, “Baijuma”, “16 jyl”, “Asem konyr”, “Toibastar” and others.

Question no 3: Scientific study of Kazakhstan
Requirements of master the riches of Kazakhstan and spreading the kazakh-russian relations helped to scientific studying this region:
One of biggest investigator of kazakhs steppes famous P.P. Semenov-Tian-Shanskii (1827-1914).
He travel on Altai, Jetysu and Middle Asia. In his ruling was prepare geographic series: “Russia. Total geographic description”, 2 this volume toms of this series - “Kyrgyz region” and “Turkistan region” - give description of nature sphere, occupation of population.

Shokan (Muhammed-Kanapia) Shyngys-uly Valihanov (1835-1865) - historic, geographic, traveler, thinker, ethnographer.
He was the one of first scientific of kazakhs. His work on a base was rich to historical, ethnographical and geographic materials. In this works help his skill very good point.
Legacy of Shokan:
In 22 years old he was real member of Russian geographic commons.
In 1858-1858 years Shokan went to his famous travel to Kashgar, where collect all of materials about economical, political structure of East Turkistan. This materials was one of first scientific works about this region, because to a long time was close to all of foreign persons. His capital work “About condition of Altyshar” in 1865 year was translating to English language.
In 1860 year was reward with order to his studying peoples of Middle Asia.
Scientific works: “Ablai”, Kazakhs rodoslovie”, “About muscleman religion on steppe”
In 1865 year public his last work “About revolts of dungan in Cin’ empire”
After difficult ill, he death in his home.

In development of public thought and culture of Kazakhstan important place take first scientific commons and institution:
1) Sections of Russian geographic commons in Orenburg, Semipalatinsk, Omsk, who give big enclose to organization the science expedition, in master the native riches of region, attraction the ethnic population to this commons;
2) Sections of east studying in Kazansk and Moskoy university , where study Middle Asia and Kazakhstan;
3) District statisticheskie committee - in Turkistan in 1868 y. and in 1878 y. in Semipalatinsk, who spread in kazakh the science and educate, base of literacy, collection of biggest material of statistic, history, ethnography and material culture of kazakhs, who public in “Survey” (obzor) of district;
4) Public library helped in enlightenment of people.

First public library opened in 1883 y. in Semipalatinsk, where in first time was only 260 books.
Eviction persons in this town A.Blek,E.Mihaelis, S.Gross and Abay Kunanbaev collect valuable editions to library. Then library begin take the books and magazins with different spheres of science at different regions of Russia. Don’t paying libraries opened in Torgai, Orenburg. In 90th years in Kustanai school begin don’t paying delivery of books with aims the rise of level the knowledge of population;
Special committee, who create in 1876 y. In Tashkent and worked in sphere of spreading the science and knowledge's in region.