The Nature and Origin of Money

Origin of money
Characteristics & concept of money
Functions of money

With barter, an individual possessing a material object of value, such as a measure of grain, could directly exchange that object for another object perceived to have equivalent value, such as a small animal, a clay pot or a tool.

Many items have been used as commodity money such as naturally scarce precious metals, cowry shells, barley, beads etc., as well as many other things that are thought of as having value.

Metal money

Metal based coins had the advantage of carrying their value within the coins themselves.
Two metals out-competed all others to become internationally accepted. Those were the two precious metals, gold and silver.

The difference between commodity value of money and its specie value is
seigniorage

Goldsmith bankers
Since no banks existed in England at the time, these entrepreneurs entrusted their wealth with the leading goldsmith of London, who already possessed stores of gold and private vaults within which to store it safely, and paid a fee for that service. In exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued paper receipts certifying the quantity and purity of the metal they held on deposit. The goldsmith receipts soon began to circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by gold and silver in the goldsmiths’ vaults.

Bank – банк
Note – боргове зобов'язання
A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a promissory note made by a bank
Bank + note

money of full value -
commodity money, gold and silver money

Quasi-money (quasi – подібний)
These are bills, checks, etc. The term refers to securities, which can execute some functions of money, but not all of them

Electronic money
refers to money which is only exchanged electronically

Money is
any object or record, that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country

Characteristics of money
durable
divisible
portable
recognizable
stable value of money – for people to store it
economical – to minimize expenses for producing the money
uniformity of money – for easy calculation

Functions of money
A medium of exchange
Unit of Account or Measure of Value
Store of Value
Standard of deferred payment
World money

A medium of exchange
– that is something you acquire not because you want to use it directly in consumption or production but only to trade it for something else you want.

Unit of Account or Measure of Value
This function is sometimes referred to as a standard or measure of value.

Store of Value
You can sell your labor for money today and then use the money to buy food or clothing later

Standard of
deferred payment
Money provides the unit for expressing debts or payments due in the future