Translation Process

Translation
Translation- is a ___________ of meaning across cultures.
More specifically, translation is the ____________ and the __________of creating in a target language (TL) a text which has _______________ communicative value as the corresponding text in the __________ language (SL).

The aim of translation
The aim of translation: to ________ the text or message in the TL which is ____________ to the original text or message in the SL both ____________ and_____________.
In translation we deal with _____ languages (____ codes) and to verify the information they give us about the ____________ objects we should consider ____________ situation, and _______________ information.

Translation components
Translation is an _______ consisting of the ___________ components:
1) elements and structures of the___;
2) elements and structures of the___;
3) ________________ rules to transform the elements and structures of the ST into the TT;

Translation components
4) __________ of the languages involved in translation;
5) ____________________and organization of the ST;
6) conceptual content and ___________________of the TT;
7) _______________ of the conceptual contents of the ST and TT.

Participants
There are at least ___ participants involved in translation process:
the ________ (source),
the translator who acts in ___________ as the __________ of the SL message and as the ________of the equivalent TL message,
the _________ of the TL message of the translated version.

Participants

Phases of Translation
Translation as an _____________ communicative act includes ____ phases:

NB! The translator _________ the original message, ___________ information contained in it, information as an ___________ category, i.e. the plain of contents.
In producing the TL text the translator __________ its plain of expression (= linguistic form) while its plane of contents should remain__________.

The message produced by a translator should evoke the _______ ________in the TL receptor as the original message does.
The translator’s duty is to ___________to the TL receptor the maximal _________of the info carried by the linguistic signs including the ____________ and ___________ meanings (info about the ______________ reality) and very emotive by the ___________ connotation.

Hence, the linguists distinguish between what they call __________ _______ based on the meanings expressed by linguistic signs and interpretation, involving extra linguistic information.
In fact, these two categories _____________ very closely.

Translation is often ____________ without adequate ___________ of the speech act and the __________ described in the text.
A successful translation ____________ sufficient knowledge of the subject of translation.
E.g. Indian summer of Forsythe – Последняя любовь Форсайта.

Operations in the process of translation
1) the translator _________ the TL elements and rules of equivalent selection and ____________ on the basis of observed ST elements;
2) he/she_______ _________ consisting of the TL elements selected for substitution;
3) __________ the model of the TT ________ context, situation and _____________ info;
4) ________ the TT on the basis of the verified model.

The process of translation
Three stages:
a) ___________ of the ST, situation and background info;
b) _________ of the translation model;
c) and _________ of the model against the ST and target context (semantic, grammatical, stylistic), situation, and background info _______________ the generation of the final TT.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
_______________ viewed, the TP includes 2 _________ processes – understanding and verbalization.
1-st, the translator ____________ the contents of ST, i.e. ____________ the info it contains to his own _________ program, and then he develops this program into TT.
The problem – mental processes are not directly_____________.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
Translation models.
A model is a ____________ representation of the translating process describing mental operations by which the ST or some part of it may be___________, irrespective of whether these operations are actually ___________ by the translator.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
There are such models of translating process: 1) the ___________model and 2) the ________-transformational model.
The existing models of the translating process are based on:
1) on the ___________ of the situations described in the original text and in the translation;

Aspects of translating process (TP)
2) is based on the _________ of basic notions and __________ structures in different languages.
In other words, the translator actually makes a ________ ____________ from the original to some ___________ level of equivalence and then further on to the text of translation.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
Situational model
The process goes from the text in one language __________ the extralinguistic situation to the ________in another language.
The translator first ____________ what the original is about and then says “the __________ things” in TL.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
“Manson walked quickly down the platform, searching eagerly for some signs of welcome.”
The main character came by train to a new place of work. The man was alone in a strange place and couldn’t expect any welcome committee. Obviously, he just wanted to see whether anyone was there to meet him.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
«Мэнсон быстро прошел по перрону, оглядываясь, не встречает ли его кто-нибудь».

Aspects of translating process (TP)
Semantic-transformational model
This model postulates the existence of the “______” semantic categories common to SL and TL.
The translator first __________ the semantic units of the _________ to these basic _________ categories and then expresses the _____________ notions by the semantic units of TL.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
“John is the proud owner of the new car”.
1-st the translator is first _________ that it actually means that “John has a new car”.
And that “he is proud because of that”.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
«У Джона (есть) новая машина, которой он очень гордится».
The translator should use these models as __________ tools.
Coming across a specific problem in SL the translator should __________ it as__________, __________ or ____________ and try to solve it by resorting to the appropriate procedure.

Aspects of translating process (TP)
“He is a poor sleeper”.
An attributive group can’t be directly transferred into Russian. The translator can find that the ___________ _______ will do the trick for him here.
So he should transform the attributive group into a verb-adverb phrase:
«Он плохо спит».

Different types of operations performed by the translator:
1) the first group of operations (transformations) is characterized by __________ of the form of a word (translational_____________) or of a collocation (creates a ________________in TL by using a loan translation).
«Эскалация, консенсус»
«Мозговой трест»(brain trust), «работа по правилам» (work-to-rule), «люди доброй воли»(people of good will).

Types of operations performed by the translator
2). The second group of operations includes all types of ___________ transformations invoking certain ___________ changes.
As a result, the __________of a word or word combination in ST may be more________, more general or somewhat ________ as a way to discovering an ____________ equivalent in TL.

Types of operations performed by the translator
The equivalent with a more general meaning: I packed my two Gladstones.
«Я упаковал свои два чемодана».

Types of operations performed by the translator
3). The third group of translating procedures comprises ____________of transformations involving units of SL____________.
The translator may solve his problems by ____________ the syntactic structure of the ST and using the analogous TL ___________ __________ or a “word-for-word translation”.

Types of operations performed by the translator
John took Mary by the hand.-
Джон взял Мери за руку.
I want you to speak English.-
Я хочу, чтобы вы говорили по-английски.
This was a man to be seen to be understood.-
Чтобы понять этого человека, надо было его увидеть.

Norm of translation
There are _____ normative requirements which compose the norm of translation:
• norms of translation______________,
genre and __________ norms of translation,
norms of translation____________,
____________norms of translation,
_____________norms of translation.

Translation difficulties
There are ____ types of translation difficulties:
peculiarities of language units________,
discrepancies of________ __________,
discrepancies of__________.

Methods of research in translation
There are 4 types of comparative analysis used in the modern theory of translation:
comparing the translation text with its__________,
comparing _________translations of one and the same text prepared by _________translators,
comparing translations with original texts in the _____________ of translation,
comparative _________ ________texts in the source and target languages.

Questions for the seminar:
Topics for discussion:
1). What is the tr-ing process? What mental processes make up the tr-ing process?
2). What is the model of tr-n? How can tr-n models be classified?
3). How does the situational model describe the tr-ing process?