Содержание
- 2. Social Thinking = Social Cognition
- 3. How people think about themselves and the social world, or more specifically, how people select, interpret,
- 4. Social cognition is both a subarea of social psychology and an approach to the discipline as
- 5. Earlier work necessarily used concepts, methods, and theories created by social psychologists specifically for the domains
- 6. Balance theory (Newcomb, 1953) explained some aspects of attitude change and interpersonal attraction by positing that
- 7. The proliferation of such domain-specific “microtheories” was ultimately troubling to some theorists who suggested that because
- 8. By the 1970’s, cognitive psychology lead to greater investigation of social thinking and feeling The core
- 9. Over time, many principles of social cognition became so widely accepted that by 1989, Ostrom concluded
- 10. The information-processing model includes the following cognitive processes: (1) attention and perception, (2) memory, and (3)
- 11. Human brain consumes a relatively large proportion of human energy (compared to other animals). Even so,
- 12. “Automatic thinking requires little effort because it relies on knowledge structures”, e.g., Schemas Scripts Stereotypes “We
- 13. Schemas describe the temporal organization of objects Scripts describe the temporal organization of events Schemas &
- 14. Stored and automatically accessible information about a concept, its attribution, & its relationships to other concepts.
- 15. Role Schemas: Are about proper behaviours in given situations. Expectations about people in particular roles and
- 16. We have expectations (schemas) about other people. These expectations can influence the way we act toward
- 17. Our attention and encoding Our memory Our judgments Our behaviour which can in turn influence our
- 18. Effective tool for understanding the world. Through use of schemata, most everyday situations do not require
- 19. Influences & hampers uptake of new information (proactive interference), such as when situations are inconsistent with
- 20. Schemas about certain events and roles, e.g., restaurant, work, bank etc. Script is like plan of
- 21. Example: here we have a script. If we make a mistake in it, this can be
- 22. Prototype in Social Psychology A prototype is a cognitive representation that exemplifies the essential features of
- 23. An early pioneer of prototype research was psychologist Eleanor Rosch, whose work during the 1960s and
- 24. Eliot Smith (1998) has argued that the distinction between schemas and prototypes is largely inconsequential and
- 25. Example of Prototype The prototype of table consists of the knowledge that a table has four
- 26. Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a seemingly effortless manner. Mental shortcuts/Rules
- 27. When do we use these shortcuts: Lack of time for full processing Information overload When issues
- 28. A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble
- 29. “If I think of it, it must be important” Suggests that, the easier it is to
- 30. Priming & Framing
- 31. Activating a concept in the mind: Influences subsequent thinking May trigger automatic processes e.g., 1st year
- 32. Context influences interpretation. Framing Changing the frame can change and even reverse interpretation.
- 33. Framing
- 34. Attributions “The causes of events always interest us more than the events themselves” Cicero “Happy is
- 35. Sense of cognitive control. To predict the future. To respond appropriately. Why do we make attributions?
- 36. Attribution Theory deals with how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for
- 37. Heider (1958): ‘Naive Scientist’ Jones & Davis (1965): Correspondent Inference Theory Kelley (1967, 1973): Covariation Theory
- 38. Attribution Theory Attribution theory, the approach that dominated social psychology in the 1970s, can either be
- 39. Heider(1958): ‘Naive Scientist’ Heider hypothesised that: People are naive scientists who attempt to use rational processes
- 40. People perceive behaviour as being caused. People give causal attributions (even to inanimate objects!). Both disposition
- 41. Causes of behaviour are seen as inside (internal) or outside (external) of a person.
- 42. We generally assume that people choose to behave the way they do, i.e., there is a
- 44. ‘Bob is a jerk!’ ‘Bob is short-tempered!’ ‘Bob likes to beat people up!’ Internal attribution
- 45. ‘Steve just told Bob that he is having an affair w/ Bob’s wife.’ ‘Steve paid Bob
- 46. You were late for the lecture. Susan failed the test. You got drunk. A driver cuts
- 47. We tend to assume that: Observed behaviour and the intentions that produced it correspond to stable
- 48. What is going on? How do you interpret this person's behaviour?
- 49. Jones and Davis’ theory derived principally from Heider’s discounting principle, which states that confidence in any
- 50. A correspondent inference (CI) is made when a behavior is believed to correspond to a person's
- 51. We are likely to make a CI when we perceive that the behaviour: was freely chosen.
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