Typology of Phonetic and Phonological Systems of English

PHONETIC SYSTEM OF A LANGUAGE
PHONEMES
Vowels
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Consonants

VOWELS in ENGLISH and UKRAINIAN
ENGLISH
20 vowels
12 monophthongs [ɪ, ı:, e, æ, ɒ, ɔ:, ⋀, ɑ:, υ, u:, ɜ:, ə].
8 diphthongs
[eı, ɜυ, ɑɪ, ɑυ, ɔɪ, ɪə, ɛə, υə].
UKRAINIAN
6 vowels
[i, e, u, a, o, y]

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS ACCORDING TO HORIZONTAL POSITION OF TONGUE

CLASSIFICATION OF THE VOWELS ACCORDING TO THE VERTICAL POSITION OF THE TONGUE

CONSONANTS IN ENGLISH and UKRAINIAN
In English
24
In Ukrainian
32

GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO ROLE OF VOICE AND NOISE
Noise
Voiced Voiceless Sonorant
[m, n, r, l, w, j, ŋ],
[м, н, нʹ, р, рʹ, л, j, в].

GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO WAY OF PASSING OBSTRUCTION
Plosive Fricative Affricative

GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO PLACE OF OBSTRUCTION
English:
bilabial
labiodental
alveolar
median
back-lingual
post-alveolar [r, ʃ, ʒ] interdental [ð, θ]
-
Ukrainian
bilabial
labiodental
alveolar
median
back-lingual
-
-
dental [д, т, л, лʹ, н]

GROUPS OF CONSONANTS ACCORDING TO PLACE OF OBSTRUCTION
bilabials: [p ,b, m, w], [п, б, в, м];
labiodentals: [v, f ], [ф];
alveolar [d, t, z, s, n, l, tʃ, dʒ],
[дʹ, тʹ, нʹ, ц, цʹ, ч, ш, з, зʹ, дзʹ, дз, с, ж];
median: [j], [й, р, рʹ];
back-lingual [k, g, ŋ], [ґ, к, х];
glottal [h], [г].

ARTICULATORY TRANSITIONS OF PHONEMES

Assimilation – phonetic process of influencing two adjacent consonants within a word or at word boundaries.
Result:the articulation of one sound becomes similar or identical with the articulation of the other one.

Assimilation affects:
the work of an active organ: congress
the point of articulation: congratulate
the manner of noise producing:
let me as [ˈlemɪ]
the work of vocal cords: gooseberry
the lip position: twenty
the position of the soft palate: sandwich

DEGREES OF ASSIMILATION

TYPES OF ASSIMILATION

Devoicing of the voiced consonants at the end of words is not typical of English.
The English sounds [b], [d], [g] may be partly devoiced in some words.
Typical of Ukrainian (дід, дуб).

Reduction – phonetic phenomenon involving vowels in which they change their quality or even fall out when unstressed.

TYPES OF REDUCTION
ZERO
omission of
a vowel
or a
consonant

TYPES OF SYLLABLE

SYLLABLE

Word-stress

TYPES OF STRESS

TYPES OF WORD STRESS

WORDS WITH TWO STRESSES