Слайд 3INTRODUCTION
Population genetics is the study of change in the frequencies of allele
![INTRODUCTION Population genetics is the study of change in the frequencies of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-2.jpg)
and genotype within a population.
Population geneticists study the genetic structure of populations, and how they change geographically and over time.
Слайд 4
Gene – a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
![Gene – a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-3.jpg)
sequence of DNA
Alleles – alternative forms f a gene
Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype – the physical traits of an organism
Слайд 5HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPAL
Under certain condition, allelic frequencies remain constant from generation to
![HARDY WEINBERG PRINCIPAL Under certain condition, allelic frequencies remain constant from generation](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-4.jpg)
generation.
If any one condition is not made, genetic equilibrium will be disturbed and the population may evolve.
Слайд 6Why allele frequencies change
Five evolutionary forces can significantly alter the allele frequencies
![Why allele frequencies change Five evolutionary forces can significantly alter the allele](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-5.jpg)
of a population
Mutation
Migration
Genetic drift
Non-random mating
Selection
Слайд 7mutation
Errors n DNA replication result in mutation.
Mutation can also be caused by
![mutation Errors n DNA replication result in mutation. Mutation can also be](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-6.jpg)
mutagens.
It is the ultimate source of new variation n a population.
Слайд 8migration
Movement of individuals from one place to another.
There are 2 toes of
![migration Movement of individuals from one place to another. There are 2](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-7.jpg)
migration :
Immigration : movement into a population
Emigration : movement out of a population
Слайд 9Genetic drift
Founder effect
Small group of individuals establishes a population in a new
![Genetic drift Founder effect Small group of individuals establishes a population in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-8.jpg)
location.
Bottleneck effect
A sudden decrease in population size due to natural forces
Слайд 10Non-random mating
Mating that occurs more or less frequently than expected
Inbreeding
Mating with
![Non-random mating Mating that occurs more or less frequently than expected Inbreeding](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-9.jpg)
relatives
Increases homozygosity
Outbreeding
Mating with non-relatives
Increases heterozygosity
Слайд 11selection
Natural selection
- Environment selects for adapted characteristics
Artificial selection
- Breeder selects for desired
![selection Natural selection - Environment selects for adapted characteristics Artificial selection -](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-10.jpg)
characters
Слайд 12TYPES OF POPULATION STATISTICAL METHODS
![TYPES OF POPULATION STATISTICAL METHODS](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/967845/slide-11.jpg)