Female anopheles. Malaria and lymphatic filariasis

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Class:Insecta
Order:Diptera
Family:Culicidae
Subfamily:Anophelinae
Genus:Anopheles

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
Mosquitoes are small (3-6 mm), two-winged insects belonging to the family Culicidae of the order Diptera (two-winged flies). They are easily distinguished from most other flies by a combination of the following characters: a long proboscis projecting forwards from the head.
Males and females can be differentiated by the form of the antennae. In males they are very plumose, while in females they only have a few short hairs. In most others than Anopheles species the maxillary palps in the female are very short in contrast to the male where they are longer than the proboscis. (In both sexes of Anopheles the maxillary palps are long, but clubbed in the male.)

DISTRIBUTION
Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes are primarily seen in eastern North America. They are found in the eastern United States, the southern range of Canada, and parts of Mexico south to Vera Cruz. The greatest abundance occurs in the southeastern U.S. (Carpenter et al.

MOSQUITO LIFECYCLE
The natural history of malaria involves cyclical infection of humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites (“merozoites”) that continue the cycle by invading other red cells.
The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites (gametocytes, which occur in male and female forms) are ingested during blood feeding by a female Anopheles mosquito, they mate in the gut of the mosquito and begin a cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, a form of the parasite called a sporozoite migrates to the mosquito’s salivary glands..

PENETRATION

CAUSES OF MALARIA
The Plasmodium parasite is mainly spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which mainly bite at dusk and at night. When an infected mosquito bites a person, it passes the parasites into the bloodstream. Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is very rare.

SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
Shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe.
high fever.
profuse sweating.
headache.
nausea.
vomiting.
abdominal pain.
diarrhea.

MALARIA TRANSMISSION CYCLE

TREATMENT

WUCHERIA BANCROFTI

CAUSATIVE AGENT

SYMPTOMS

TREATMENT

PREVENTION AND CONTROL
The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn . If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis:
At night
Sleep in an air-conditioned room or
Sleep under a mosquito net
Between dusk and dawn
Wear long sleeves and trousers and
Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin.

RESOURCES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v55yg0RfoY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxiWp8vkRFI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk%20XDuPpRkLs