Nosebleed

NOSEBLEED
A nosebleed is bleeding from the nose that commonly occurs when tiny blood vessels inside the nose are ruptured

CIRCULATION
A carotis communis ---a carotis externa-----a facialis----a angularis ------r lateralis nasi ----- a dorsalis nasi

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Nosebleeds are common, they may be scary . B ut they rarely indicate a seruios medical problem, the nose contains many blood vessel , which are located close to the surface in the front and back of the nose /, there are kinds of nosebleeds, an anterior nosebleed occurs when the blood vessels in front of of the nose break and bleed. And posterior nosebleed occurs in the back or the deepest part of the nose. In this case blood flows down the back of the throat. It can be dangerous.

CAUSES OF NOSEBLEEDS
There are many causes of nosebleeds. A sudden or infrequent nosebleed is rarely serious. If you have frequent nosebleeds, you could have a more serious problem.
Dry air is the most common cause of nosebleeds. Living in a dry climate and using a central heating system can dry out the nasal membranes, which are tissues inside the nose. This dryness causes crusting inside the nose. Crusting may itch or become irritated. If your nose is scratched or picked, it can bleed.
Taking antihistamines and decongestants for allergies, colds, or sinus problems can also dry out the nasal membranes and cause nosebleeds. Frequent nose blowing is another cause of nosebleeds.
Other common causes of nosebleeds include:

CAUSES
foreign object stuck in the nose
chemical irritants
allergic reaction
injury to the nose
repeated sneezing
picking the nose
cold air
upper respiratory infection
large doses of aspirin
Other causes of nosebleeds include:
high blood pressure
bleeding disorders

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blood clotting disorders
cancer
Most nosebleeds don’t require medical attention. However, you should seek medical attention if your nosebleed lasts longer than 20 minutes, or if it occurs after an injury. This may be a sign of a posterior nosebleed, which is more serious.
Injuries that might cause a nosebleed include a fall, a car accident, or a punch in the face. Nosebleeds that occur after an injury may indicate a broken nose, skull fracture, or internal bleeding.

DIAGNOSING A NOSEBLEED
If you seek medical attention for a nosebleed, your doctor will conduct a physical examinationto determine a cause. They’ll check your nose for signs of a foreign object. They’ll also ask questions about your medical history and current medications.
Tell your doctor about any other symptoms you’ve and any recent injuries. There’s no single test to determine the cause of a nosebleed. However, your doctor might use diagnostic tests to find the cause. These tests include:
complete blood count (CBC), which is a blood test to check for blood disorders
partial thromboplastin time (PTT), which is a blood test that checks how long it takes for your blood to clot
nasal endoscopy
CT scan of the nose
X-ray of the face and nose

TREATMENT
How to treat a nosebleed
Treatment for nosebleeds will vary depending on the type and cause of the nosebleed.
Anterior
Posterior

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Anterior nosebleed
If you have an anterior nosebleed, you bleed from the front of your nose, usually a nostril. You can try to treat an anterior nosebleed at home. While sitting up, squeeze the soft part of your nose. Make sure that your nostrils are fully closed. Keep your nostrils closed for 10 minutes, lean forward slightly, and breathe through your mouth.
Don’t lie down when trying to stop a nosebleed. Lying down can result in swallowing blood and can irritate your stomach. Release your nostrils after 10 minutes and check to see if the bleeding has stopped. Repeat these steps if bleeding continues.
You can also apply a cold compress over the bridge of your nose or use a nasal spray decongestant to close off the small blood vessels.
See your doctor immediately if you’re unable to stop a nosebleed on your own. You might have a posterior nosebleed that requires more invasive treatment.

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Posterior nosebleed
If you have a posterior nosebleed, you bleed from the back of your nose. The blood also tends to flow from the back of your nose down your throat. Posterior nosebleeds are less common and often more serious than anterior nosebleeds. Posterior nosebleeds shouldn’t be treated at home. Contact your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room (ER) if you think you have a posterior nosebleed.

Cauterization
A medical technique called cauterization can also stop persistent or frequent nosebleeds. This involves your doctor burning the blood vessels in your nose with either a heating device or silver nitrate, a compound used to remove tissue. Your doctor may pack your nose with cotton, gauze, or foam. They may also use a balloon catheter to apply pressure to your blood vessels and stop the bleeding.
How to prevent nosebleeds
There are several ways to prevent nosebleeds.
Use a humidifier in your house to keep the air moist.
Avoid picking your nose.
Limit your intake of aspirin, which can thin your blood and contribute to nosebleeds. Discuss this with your doctor first because the benefits of taking aspirin might outweigh the risks.
Use antihistamines and decongestants in moderation. These can dry out the nose.
Use a saline spray or gel to keep the nasal passages moist.