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Philosophy of Marxsism
Philosophy of Marxsism
Some new discoveries in the natural sciences consolidated the position of the materialistic dialectics. The discovery of the cell structure of the animals and vegetation proved the evolutionary way of the life processes. Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin had some explosive effect. The law on conservation and conversion of energy has consolidated the position of the materialist philosophy. The Marxist philosophy has absorbed all the achievements of the predecessors – the ones of the Ancient Greece, Renaissance, Enlightenment and German classical philosophy. The basic idea of Marxism was the creative transformation of the social life as the result of the profound cognition and setting up in the end of the day a humanistic society which would be governed by knowledgeable and creative persons. The strategic goal was the universal human happiness. The actual contribution of Marx and Engels was the successive development of the materialistic teaching of philosophy. All their predecessors understood came up with the idealistic approach. The classics of Marxism came up with the purely materialistic view point – materialistic understanding of history. As the result of the careful analysis of all the previous stages of history they singled out the mode of production and the relevant relations as the basic element that put the whole thing into the motion. The have made some discoveries that were striking for that time of history: Surplus Value and the theory of Alienation They (Marx and Engels) arrived at the conclusion that the consciousness of the people is dependent on the actual conditions of living (being). Marx and Engels looked up at the process of the development of the society as the flow of the successive steps on the way to the social progress. One of the reasons of the failure of the Soviet Union that ended up with the break-off of the country and eventual crash of the theory was the imposing of the teaching for such a backward state as Russia. K.Marx and his theory are not to blame. Its time will come to the point that the advanced countries will take up this teaching under some new historical conditions.
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Neoclassical Philosophy.
Neoclassical Philosophy.
It eventually brought to the reconsideration of the key and basic grounds of rational philosophy (discursus – Latin – logically based judgments). It caused the search of the new forms of philosophic thinking. The leaders of this trend were the German philosopher Artur Schopenhauer and Danish thinker Seren Kierkegaard. They started the shaping of their looks with the criticism of Hegel. They were positive of all his discoveries in the area of Logics and the method of getting to the bottom of the essence. What they resolutely denied in Hegel’s philosophy was the role of a human that was confined to the position of being a vehicle of self consciousness of the Absolute idea. That is what makes his philosophy abstract. They believed that the main hero should be a human and his life with the happiness and sufferings, despair and hope. Later on in the XX century these ideas will turn into the philosophy of existentialism. A.Schopenhauer is the author of the concept – “World as Will and Presentation”. It was based on the supposition that the basic element of the world is the unconscious will with the endless strive to life and existence. Will is something self sufficient and universal as the will gives way to life and death. Human life is stuffed with chaos and violence. The driving force of the Will is so great that there is no space free of it. The life is full of evil and harm. Being unconscious it is self producing. The only power that can resist it is a human with his sense and reason. He can make it by getting to the inner and deep essence of the World Will and overcome its negative consequences in two steps. They are esthetic contemplation and moral perfection. To be in arts and music is the way to get over the Will. The second step is refraining from his egoistic wishes. His categorical imperative is “Do not do what you wish and do exactly the opposite”. It was an appeal to asceticism..
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ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЯ
ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЯ
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