Презентации, доклады, проекты без категории

Semantics is the study of meanings dealing with the relationship between symbols (words, signs, etc.) and what they refer to (called 'referents') and of behavior in reaction to non-verbal symbols and verbal symbols (words). Types of semantic complexity of word every word combines lexical, lexico-grammatical and grammatical meanings many words not only refer to some object but have associations expressing the attitude of the speaker the denotational meaning is segmented into semantic components or semes a word may be polysemantic, that is it may have several meanings, all interconnected and forming its semantic structure

1. PRODUCTIVITY. PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE WAYS OF WORD-FORMATION. Productivity is the ability to form new words after existing patterns which are readily understood by the speakers of a language. Figure 1 , * The most productive ways of word-formation Abbreviation (contraction) Conversion (Functional Shift) Derivation (Affixation) Word-composition In the course of time the productivity of this or that way of word-formation may change. Sound interchange or gradation (blood − to bleed, to abide − abode, to strike − stroke) was a productive way of word building in old English and is important for a diachronic study of the English language. It has lost its productivity in Modern English and no new word can be coined by means of sound gradation. Affixation on the contrary was productive in Old English and is still one of the most productive ways of word building in Modern English. *

Learning Objectives Types of Societies Describe the difference between pre-industrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies Understand the role of environment on preindustrial societies Understand how technology impacts societal development Theoretical Perspectives on Society Describe Durkhiem’s functionalist view of society Understand the conflict theorist view of society Explain Marx’s concepts of class and alienation Identify how symbolic interactionists understand society Social Constructions of Reality Understand the sociological concept of reality as a social construct Define roles and describe their place in people’s daily interactions Explain how individuals present themselves and perceive themselves in a social context Types of Societies Society - a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture, beliefs and ideas. More advanced societies also share a political authority. Gerhard Lenski (1924–) defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication. Advancement of society -> advancement of technology. Societies: 1) pre-industrial 2) industrial 3) post-industrial

Major Variables of National Accounts The major measures of aggregate output are: Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product Net Domestic Product Net National Product The major measures of aggregate income are: National Income Personal Income Disposable Personal Income The main indicators of aggregate output and aggregate income in the economy can be found in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) System, proposed in the late 1920s by the group of U.S. economists from NBER, headed by Simon Kuznets (Nobel prize, 1971). total ⇒ measures aggregate output; market ⇒ only official market transactions are included (self-made goods and shadow economy are excluded); value ⇒ measured in money (blns of pounds, dollars, rubles); all final goods and services ⇒ transfer payments (welfare benefits and subsidies) and financial transactions (purchases of bonds and shares) are excluded (because income is not created, but redistributed and nothing new is produced); Gross Domestic Product The main measure of aggregate output is gross domestic product.

Groups of morphological word-formation Major − highly productive affixation conversion compounding Minor − less productive shortening sound alteration stress interchange back-formation ellipsis onomatopoeia Affixation Affixation (derivation) is the formation of new words by means of attaching affixes to a stem.

Questions to the previous lecture Data Model What data models do you know? Which model is historically the first? Which model is the fastest data processing? Which model is used for the analytic representation? What models are based on strings, records? Which model of the connection can’t be represented as a many-to-many? Which model is the most advanced? Why is it so popular? What can you say about each stage of the database design? -Preliminary design -Analysis of feasibility -Determine requirements -Conceptual design -Implementation -Testing and maintenance of the database. conceptual design Conceptual model reflects the entities and relationships between them in relation to the needs of the organization of data processing. Conceptual model can be converted into a relational, hierarchical or network model. The conceptual model is independent of individual applications, database management systems, hardware and physical storage method. Data analysis is the first step in the development of the conceptual model, and it begins with the collection of data. Data analysis includes the determination of entities, their attributes and the relationships between them on the basis of the data collected. The next step is to check all of the operational use of the organization associated with their treatment, and avoid unnecessary or duplicate data. After completing the analysis of the data, you draw a diagram of the "entity - relationship." This scheme provides an intuitive overview of the project and is particularly useful for the exchange of ideas among the users.

Основні задачі для застосування даних ДЗЗ: льодовий покрив Моніторинг обсягу і потужності льодового покриву (глобальний і регіональний): Вивчення міжрічної мінливості і аномалій температур; Оцінка запасів опадів для аналізу довгострокової мінливості динаміки опадів; Вивчення варіацій танення для аналізу припливу прісної води в океан з метою оцінки впливу на течії. Забезпечення навігації (регіональний і локальний рівень): Супроводження судноплавства в зонах льодоставу; Визначення небезпеки окремих айсбергів Основні задачі для застосування даних ДЗЗ: сніговий покрив Моніторинг обсягу і потужності снігового покриву (глобальний і регіональний): Вивчення міжрічної мінливості і аномалій температур; Оцінка запасів опадів для аналізу довгострокової мінливості динаміки опадів; Дослідження вічної мерзлоти. Вивчення міжрічної мінливості снігозапасів і динаміки снігового покриву (регіональний і локальний): Аналіз сніготанення з метою прогнозування динаміки водного балансу територій и прогнозування надзвичайних ситуацій; Прогнозування біологічної продуктивності ландшафтів (аналіз промерзання ґрунту та динаміка вологонасичення); Визначення напрямку регіональних кліматичних змін за динамікою переміщення вологих повітряних мас.

6– L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E The Decision-Making Process Define decision and decision-making process. Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process. The Manager as Decision Maker Discuss the assumptions of rational decision making. Describe the concepts of bounded rationality, satisficing, and escalation of commitment. Explain intuitive decision making. Contrast programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. Managerial Decision Making 6– L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) The Manager as Decision Maker (cont’d) Contrast the three decision-making conditions. Explain maximax, maximin, and minimax decision choice approaches. Describe the four decision making styles. Discuss the twelve decision-making biases managers may exhibit. Describe how manager can deal with the negative effects of decision errors and biases. Explain the managerial decision-making model. Managerial Decision Making

Lecture outline 1. Property as economic and juridical term 2. Types of property. Transformation of property relations in the Republic of Kasakhstan 3. Enterprise as a main production unit. Entrepreneurship.

Lecture 3: The Aggregate Demand & Aggregate Supply     1. Aggregate Demand.   2. Aggregate Supply.   3. The Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply Model. Lecture 3: The Aggregate Demand & Aggregate Supply   Inventory – запаси Overheating – перегрів (економіки)

1. The problem of word definition. 2. The notion of the word-form. 3. The notion of "grammatical meaning". 4. Types of grammatical meaning. 5. The notion of "grammatical category". 6. The notion of "opposition". 1.The Problem of Word Definition The word is considered to be the central (though not the only) linguistic unit of language.

Definitions ‘Gender’ has replaced ‘sex’ in sociolinguistics. Sex: biologically or physiologically based distinction between males and females. Gender: a social and cultural notion. It indicates the social identity that emerges or is constructed through social action, and adherence (following) to certain cultural norms and proscriptions. Gender – the difference between masculine and feminine identities, believed to be a fluid category depending on the individuals’ social, cultural, and situational contexts. (Ehlrich, 1997; Pavlenko, 2001; Kubota, 2003). Definitions L1 – First language L2 – Second language ELL – English Language Learner ESL – English as a Second Language Language Learning – an individual’s proficiency in language at a given time, which can be quantified as a measure from a language test. Intervention – strategies used to enhance (improve) language learning (e.g. scaffolding language; using techniques to aid comprehension; integrating listening, reading, speaking, and writing into lessons; teaching language in the content areas).

Oklahoma City Gusher Prevention of waste Conservation of the resource Environmental protection Regulatory premises

* Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows Man and Materials Flows Man and Materials Flows Nature’s turnover of materials Human-caused material flows Towards sustainable materials management The unbalanced carbon cycle – a global problem Nutrients flows and environmental threats The valuable metals * Lecture 5. Man and Materials Flows Literature Man and Materials Flows. Towards sustainable materials management. S.Karlsson (Ed.) – Uppsala: BUP, 1997. – 52 p. Вайцзеккер Э., Ловинс Э.Б., Ловинс Л.Х. Фактор четыре. Затрат — половина, отдача — двойная. – Москва: Academia, 2000. – 400 c. (Faktor Vier: Doppelter Wohlstand — Halbierter Naturverbrauch, 1995)

Классификация – это важно Классифика́ция — система — система группировки — система группировки субъектов — система группировки субъектов исследования или наблюдения в соответствии с их общими признаками. Классификация объектов производится согласно правилам распределения заданного множества объектов на подмножества (классификационные группировки) в соответствии с установленными признаками их различия или сходства Определение Определение Евгения Касперского: ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫМ (НЕОБХОДИМЫМ) СВОЙСТВОМ КОМПЬЮТЕРНОГО ВИРУСА является возможность создавать свои дубликаты (не обязательно совпадающие с оригиналом) и внедрять их в вычислительные сети и/или файлы, системные области компьютера ипрочие выполняемые объекты. При этом дубликаты сохраняют способность к дальнейшему распространению. ГОСТ Р 51188-98: Вирус – программа, способная создавать свои копии (необязательно совпадающие с оригиналом) и внедрять их в файлы, системные области компьютера, компьютерных сетей, а также осуществлять иные деструктивные действия. При этом копии сохраняют способность дальнейшего распространения. Компьютерный вирус относится к вредоносным программам.

Hans Hugo Bruno Selye (1907-1982) Создатель теории биологического стресса Задачи лекции: дать классическое и современное определение стресса, его стадий; описать основные стресс-факторы и их общую значимость -обозреть дополнительные ресурсы для глубого изучения стресса у растений - рассмотреть современную схему стресс-реакции уэ- и ди-типа дать определение активным формам кислорода и свободным радикалам, оксидатиному стрессу начать изучение их типов и превращений Hans Hugo Bruno Selye (1907-1982) Создатель теории биологического стресса Выводы: понятие стресса широко, и может включасть в себя «состояние», «фактор», и сам «процесс». основные стресс-факторы – абиотические и биотические – засоление, засуха, патогенные организмы и т.д. - можно расшрить свой гругозор чтением монографий и статей по стрессу у растений - современная схема стресс-ракций включает рецепторы, кальций, системы сигнализации и многие другие регуляторы АФК – это с активным кислородом, радикалы – с неспаренным электроном, т.д.

E horizon A horizon B horizon (Illuvial) (Elluvial) C horizon R horizon O horizon Master Horizons B horizon Enough information? Sub-horizon designations

Гормон – химическое вещество, выделяемое клетками и модифицирующее физиологию клеток и организма. Гормоны действуют при низких концентрациях и обычно имеют высокую аффинность связывания с мишенью, которой чаще всего выступает специфический рецептор для данного гормона, синтезируемый клеткой. Рецептор активирует специфический сигнал через один или несколько путей сигнальной трансдукции, что ведет к прямому изменению в работе ферментов или к изменению экспрессии генов (а затем ферментов). Историю открытия и изучения фитогормонов – по учебнику! В 19 веке, Чарльз Дарвин и его сын Фрэнсис Дарвин провели эксперименты по фототропизму и обнаружили, что проростки загибаются к свету, только если кончик колеоптиля интактен (не поврежден и вообще присутствует). Они постулировали гипотезу, согласно которой сигналы-регуляторы в растении – это химические вещества, синтезируемые в кончиках растущих тканей и затем распространяющиеся в зону роста растяжением. Фрэнсис Чарльз

Рост и развитие растений Механизм роста клетки Важнейшие регуляторы процессов в клетке растения: Са2+ и АФК. Фитогормоны. Современные представления о росте растяжением: Разработаны и подтверждены экспериментально для следующих модельных систем: - корневой волосок - зона роста растяжением корня (зона растяжения) - апикальная зона роста растяжением в побегах и молодых листьях - пыльцевая трубка - ризоиды водорослей (Fucus)

§ 1. The Definition of the Word A successful definition should 1) contain essential features of a word and 2) draw a sharp borderline between various linguistic units: 1.1. word and phoneme (Oh! I) 1.2. word and morpheme (man, wise, ism) 1.3. word and phrase (all right, alarm clock, the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another) 1.1. Unity of form and meaning Word - Form phonetic/graphic morphological structure grammar form Essential features Word – Meaning denotational connotational lexico-grammatic grammatic

Plan of the lecture Classic schools on state regulation Modern schools on state regulation The theory of social interest Capture theory The economic theory of regulation What firms should be regulated? How to explain the cross-subsidization of products? Introduction The need for regulation of the economy is recognized by all economic schools. None of them did not deny the necessity of regulation. Different schools vary just by his vision regarding the extent, forms and methods of state regulation and the interpretation of the role of the market mechanism. The form and extent of regulation change with the development of society.

* Figure 1 2.1 Defining the Word There are formal criteria for wordhood which all speakers use: 1. Orthographic: a word is what occurs between spaces in writing. 2. Semantic: a word has semantic coherence; it expresses a unified semantic concept. 3. Phonological: a. potential pause: a word occurs between potential pauses in speaking. Though in normal speech, we generally do not pause, we may potentially pause between words, but not in the middle of words. b. stress: a word spoken in isolation has one and only one primary stress. 4. Morphological: a word has an internal cohesion and is indivisible by other units; a word may be modified only externally by the addition of suffixes and prefixes. 5. Grammatical: words fall into particular classes. 6. Syntactic: a word has external distribution or mobility; it is moved as a unit, not in parts. *

Major Variables of National Accounts The main indicators of aggregate output and aggregate income in the economy can be found in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) System, proposed in the late 1920s by the group of U.S. economists from NBER, headed by the future Nobel prize winner Simon Kuznets. The major measures of aggregate output are: Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product Net Domestic Product Net National Product The major measures of aggregate income are: National Income Personal Income Disposable Personal Income total ⇒ measures aggregate output; market ⇒ only official market transactions are included (self-made goods and shadow economy are excluded); value ⇒ measured in money (blns of pounds, dollars, rubles); all final goods and services ⇒ transfer payments (welfare benefits and subsidies) and financial transactions (purchases of bonds and shares) are excluded (because income is not created, but redistributed and nothing new is produced); Gross Domestic Product The main measure of aggregate output is gross domestic product

2– L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic. Historical Background of Management Explain why studying management history is important. Describe some early evidences of management practice. Scientific Management Describe the important contributions made by Fredrick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Explain how today’s managers use scientific management. The Development of Management Theory 2– L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this topic. General Administrative Theory Discuss Fayol’s contributions to management theory. Describe Max Weber’s contribution to management theory. Explain how today’s managers use general administrative theory. Quantitative Approach Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. Discuss how today’s managers use the quantitative approach. The Development of Management Theory