Gender bound/sex bound inheritance

GENDER BOUND/SEX
BOUND INHERITANCE
The inheritance of a trait (phenotype) that is determined by a gene located on one of
the Sex chromosomes is called Sex Linked Inheritance.

TYPES OF GENDER/SEX BOUND INHERITANCE
HEMOPHILIA-A
HEMOPHILIA-B
COLOUR BLINDNESS
PERIODIC PARALYSIS
PIGMENTOSA RETINITIS

HEMOPHILIA-A
Hemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII, which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males.
In the majority of cases it is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait
Causes= Factor VIII Deficiency
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1. Mild hemophilia A{ episode of heavy bleeding }
a] After you have surgery or another procedure, like having a tooth pulled.
b] After childbirth
c] After a serious injury
d] During your period

2.Moderate hemophilia A
a] Bleed a lot when injured.
b] Bleed without an injury (spontaneous bleeding).
c] Bruise easily.
d] Bleed a lot after a vaccination.
3. Severe hemophilia A {frequent episodes of bleeding often into the joints and muscles}
a]Prolonged headache
b]Throwing up
c] Sudden weakness or problems walking
d] Double vision
e] Convulsions or seizures
DIAGNOSIS: Partial prothrombin test {ppt}
TREATMENT: Regular supplementation with intravenous
recombinant or plasma concentrate Factor VIII.

HEMOPHILIA-B
Haemophilia B is a blood clotting disorder causing easy bruising and bleeding due to an inherited mutation of the gene for factor IX and resulting in a deficiency of factor IX.
It is less common than factor VIII deficiency.
CAUSES= Factor IX deficiency
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
a] easy bruising
b] urinary tract bleeding {haematuria}
c] nosebleeds [epistaxis]
d] bleeding into joints (haemarthrosis)

DIAGNOSIS: a] Coagulation screening test
b] Bleeding scores
c] Coagulation factor assays
TREATMENT : a] intravenous infusion of factor IX
b] blood transfusions.

COLOUR BLINDNESS
Color blindness is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color.
It can impair such tasks as selecting ripe fruit, choosing clothing, and reading traffic lights.
CAUSES=Color vision deficiencies can be classified as acquired or inherited.
a] Acquired: Diseases, drugs (hydroxychloroquine), chemicals such as styrene or organic solvents may cause color blindness.
b] Inherited: 1. monochromacy [total color blindness]=is the lack of ability to distinguish colors caused by cone defect or absence.
2. dichromacy= Protanopia and deuteranopia are hereditary and sex-linked, affecting predominantly males
3. anomalous trichromacy=occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:1.color blind people retain blue–yellow
discrimination
2. Dichromats often confuse red and green
DIAGNOSIS:
Ishihara color test = a series of pictures of
colored spots, is the test most often used
to diagnose red–green color deficiencies .
TREATMENT: There is no cure for color
deficiencies. It can only managed by a
contact lens on one eye which increase
the ability to differentiate between colors.

PERIODIC PARALYSIS
Periodic paralysis is a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis .
The underlying mechanism of these diseases are malfunctions in the ion channels in skeletal muscle cell membranes that allow electrically charged ions to leak in or out of the muscle cell causing the cell to depolarize and become unable to move.
CAUSES= episodic attacks of muscle weakness which are commonly associated with serum potassium levels.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS= 1. Weakness in the face
2.Muscle pain and stiffness
3.An irregular heartbeat
4. Trouble breathing or swallowing

DIAGNOSIS:
This disease is difficult to diagnose. Patients often report years of wrong diagnosis and treatments that made them worse instead of better. But there are some tests which gives an idea of this disease like:
1. Blood tests to check potassium, thyroid, and other levels
2. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies to see how well muscles and nerves are working
3. Electrocardiogram (EKG) to check your heart
4. Muscle biopsy to check for abnormal muscle cells
TREATMENT:
1. It include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as acetazolamide, methazolamide or dichlorphenamide)
2. supplemental oral potassium chloride and a potassium-sparing diuretic (for hypos) or avoiding potassium (for hyper)
3.thiazide diuretics to increase the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys (for hyper)
4.lifestyle changes including tightly controlled levels of exercise or activity.

PIGMENTOSA RETINITIS
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision and the back wall of the eye (retina) is damaged.
Retinitis pigmentosa is a rare, inherited degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment.
CAUSES=(1) Non-syndromic, that is, it occurs alone, without
any other clinical findings
(2) Syndromic, with other neurosensory disorders
(3) Secondary to other systemic diseases
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS: 1. Night blindness
2.Tunnel vision (due to loss of peripheral vision)
3.Latticework vision
4.loss of depth perception
5.Photopsia (blinking/swirling/shimmering lights)
6.Photophobia (aversion to bright lights)

7. Blurring of vision
8. Poor color separation
9. Loss of central vision
10.Eventual blindness
DIAGNOSIS: 1. visual field test
2. visual acuity test
3. electroretinography [ERG]
4. fundus and optical coherence imagery
TREATMENT:
There is currently no cure for retinitis pigmentosa, but the efficacy and safety of various prospective treatments are currently being evaluated. The efficiency of various supplements, such as
vitamin A, DHA, and lutein, in delaying disease progression.